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Hi all.
This has been bugging me for a while.
Does the xperia actually have a accelerometer?
Don't see it mentioned in the white papers or previews.
as far as i know it dont
as you say it's not mentioned and the
prerelease version people have
been reviewing dont seem to
i'd like an accelerometer myself but also the option to turn it off
AFAIK it does.
I'm 95% sure it doesn't. Atleast not the one i've been using.
Didn't the early prototype vids show it having one?
Maybe I'm just thinking of the Diamond...idk
It switches to landscape when you open the keyboard. Otherwise, the pre-release doesn't have an accelerometer.
I used to have a link, but cannot find it anymore, But back when it was announced, there was a video shot with one of SE reps showing off the phone. (i know, there were hundreds!)
At that time he was distinctly talking about the X1 using the front facing cam to pick up and recognise gesture controls. I have since seen a press release(again, lost, sorry, but try ESATO or SENSE) that SE were dealing with a company who specialise in that line of things.
What i do find odd, maybe just my ignorance, is that as similar as HTC Touch Pro, and X1 are internally, how SE did not have the accelerometer installed. Surely it would only add a small amount to the total cost of the phone?
Yeah, even for a consumer to buy a cheap acceleromenter is only like $1, lol
I've got a very technical, but very elemental question on this subject, please forgive me for being such a nerd.
What do I ultimately need an accelerometer for in a phone?
How does this accelerometer function work anyway?
In laptops I can understand it's function to protect the hard drive.
As soon as it detects high accelerations (i.e. "free fall" --> acceleration of 9.81m/s^2 = 1g) it shuts down all moving parts in anticipation of an imminent impact (which because of the sudden stop results in massive accelerations around 1500g and more).
Easy physics, no mystery there...
But in mobile phones an accelerometer is often mentioned in relation to automatically rotating screens and of course apple's famous ball-through-labyrinth-game.
Technically an accelerometer on its own cannot do that. All you get from this device is a statement like
"The velocity of rotation around the phone's z-axis is increasing by 3 rad/square-second."
so in order to know the phone's orientation from that you'd need
1. initial calibration (i.e. tell the phone where "down" and "stop" is every time you turn it on)
2. constant measurement of acceleration on all 6 spacial axes (miss one move and your calibration is off).
As far as I can tell there's no note in the iPhone's Manual saying you may only turn it on when it's sitting on a stationary horizontal surface (so much for initial calibration).
And I can imagine the electronics reading the accelerometer go into a low-power "alarming amplitude only" state too most of the time to preserve battery power. Also you'd have to consider the Earth's rotation and path in that calculation too, since the measurement is rather absolute.
Besides, there are more simple and reliable methods out there to to create an artificial horizon (gravity sensor), so what's the benefit of using an accelerometer in the first place?
So, how do these Phones really know where "down" is to auto-rotate my screen if they use an accelerometer, and why not use something simpler?
The only benefit I see is for car navigation software to use the sensor when the GPS signal vanishes (in tunnels etc.) to extrapolate your course from the last confirmed position and velocity, but as far as I know they don't even use it (yet).
Ok, let's say either:
A) you have a slight factory calibration so it can "guess" which direction.
B) it dynamically calibrates as the phone is held/moved/twisted.
C) It's not near perfect, just a guesstimate of movement.
and
it's just for screen rotation and games
dont believe gps's use it as it's not precise enough
Let me apologize first, because, I know nothing about all that disertation about accelerometers. But let me have my street guy comon sense opinion.
First I don't think these phones have such a sofistcated type of accelerometer. The use of the accelerometer word in mobile phones is a missnomer because I'm sure they have something simpler that I would call it "Balancerometer"
I believe it's just 2 or 3 tubular circles perpendicular to each other. These tiny tubes are filled with some kind of liquid The reading of the position of these liquid is enough to know the position of the device ex: Vertical, horizontal, diagonal at any angle of mesurement. It probably cost no more than $2.00 in mass production.
You know better tha me. Do you think I am crazy or worst?
GSM Arena says
Size 800 x 480 pixels, 3.0 inches
- Full QWERTY keyboard
- Accelerometer sensor for auto-rotate
- Optical joystick navigation
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
http://www.gsmarena.com/sony_ericsson_xperia_x1-2246.php
But then again ... who knows.
In the diamond app forum, Ikari creatied pocket gforce which from the picture, its not just a simple tilt sensor. Even I wonder why we need the full thing.
But cool though.
x1_wp_r3a.pdf manual
I have the manual above. Not sure where I got it from .... but it doesn't mention accelerometer and it is SEs own May 08 X1 whitepaper.
It detailed many things people suggested the X1 didn't have ... like it does have hardware for 3D accelerated graphics and the supporting drivers ... It also cleared up the actual RAM - 256m rather than the oh ... there is some sort of 400m of something.
Intro was as follows :
XPERIA™ is premium brand in the Sony Ericsson portfolio to meet the consumer need for a converged entertainment and mobile Web communication experience. XPERIA™ delivers a premium experience of energized communication - anytime, anywhere, anything and with anyone.
X1 is the first product on the XPERIA™ lineup and introduces new experiences for mobile productivity with an extraordinary new blend of multimedia, enterprise and Web functionality. The need for multiple devices – such as a mobile phone, an e-mail client, a mobile companion for a PC and more – are all met in one device with easy-to-use functionality. A sturdy metal design to withstand everyday use and a ground breaking XPERIA™ panel combine to give a seamless and premium user experience.
Features include:
•3-inch Wide-VGA (800x480) TFT 65K color LCD
•XPERIA™ panel concept
•Unified Media Experience
•3.2-megapixel camera with Touch auto focus
•Video capture and playback up to 30 fps
•Integrated WiFi and A-GPS
•Mobile broadband
•Handsfree headset with a 3.5 mm audio jack, USB charger, USB cable provided in the kit
•Internet Explorer Mobile browser
•HSDPA 7.2Mbps, HSUPA 2Mbps
•Windows Mobile® 6.1 Professional
•YouTube support (3GPP playback)
•FM radio, streaming audio/video
•Video telephony
•Bluetooth™ 2.0
•HW 3D Graphics
•Supports microSD™ High Capacity memory card
•Exchange /IMAP4/POP3 e-mail
•Quad-band EDGE (850/900/1800/1900 MHz)
•Tri-band HSPA X1a850/1900/2100 MHz) X1i900/1900/2100 MHz) )
The slim arc form factor has a large 3-inch Wide-VGA color screen. Memory capacity is up to 400 MB internally and includes a slot for a microSD™ card. The ergonomically designed QWERTY keypad allows you to quickly write text messages, type phone numbers or search for particular content such as pictures or tracks. The user can quickly toggle between different relevant functions, tailored for all situations in life, and use them as active desktop home screens by using the unique XPERIA™ panel concept.
Panel stuff :
•Sony Ericsson panel – a panel to read news, weather, finance, world clock and shortcuts to communication and applications.
•Media Experience panel – center for viewing and playing multimedia files.
•Slideshow panel – slideshow of recently taken videos and photos.
•Microsoft Today panel – this panel is the actual Microsoft today screen.
•3D Fish panel – a panel that showcases the 3D features of the phone; a fish tank with 3D fishes.
•FM radio panel - a panel to access your FM radio straight.
•Google panel - provides access to all GOogle services.
•Customized panels can be offered.
and for me ... to avoid having a N95 as well as an HTC ...
3.2-megapixel camera and video call camera
There are two cameras. The main camera is 3.2 megapixel and includes Touch auto focus. A picture can be shared with friends or family, as a picture message or e-mail, or using any available transfer method, such as Bluetooth™. There is also a QCIF camera, for video calls, located on the front.
Photo light
When lighting conditions are poor, pictures can be enhanced by turning on the Photo light.
Video capture
The camera also records video and which are stored in the phone or on a memory card. A video clip can be shared with friends or family as a picture message or e-mail, or using any available transfer method, such as Bluetooth™. The phone supports VGA size video recording at up to 30 frames per second.
•MPEG-4: 30fps at VGA*
•H.263: 30fps at VGA*
•H.264: 15fps at VGA*
Can forward on to people if they want it ....
I do struggle that so many people are worried about WVGA. The G900 ran all the s/w I have without issues including Softmaker Office, CPL6, PI, FM, Pie+ etc ... WVGA is real extra screen estate rather than just VGA prettiness.
I know only time will tell, but this has to be leagues ahead of the Pro.
It is only the price that scares me ... and the fact that there are still performance issues with video at 30fps .... which as you can see from the above is a biggie for me.
The only daft thing missing I can see is the TV-Out ...
downloadtest82 said:
How does this accelerometer function work anyway?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
These accelerometers actually measure the Earth's gravity also. It constantly measures the 1g with which the Earth is pulling the phone. A 3-axis accelerometer gives you the projection of the gravity vector on each axis (x, y, z). Assuming that the phone is only rotating (and not translating), it is easy to find to where the phone is facing... for example, if the x and y acceleration is ~0 and z is ~1, then the phone is facing up, like leaving it on a table top. If x=1, y=0, z=0 => phone in landscape. If x=0, y=1, z=0 => phone in portait mode.
When the phone is being translated (moving, that is) in a non-constant manner, a "dynamic" acceleration vector is added to the 1g Earth's vector. In that case, calculating the phone's position/rotation becomes more tricky and more erroneous...
downloadtest82 said:
i.e. "free fall" --> acceleration of 9.81m/s^2 = 1g
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Actually, in free-fall, the acceleration is reported as zero.
Even ipod nanos come with accelerometers now. Don't sit well with me if the xperia doesn't.
Well, even the C905 and G705 have accelerometers, so why couldn't SE put one into their flagship
Pinguino1 said:
...the accelerometer word in mobile phones is a missnomer because I'm sure they have something simpler that I would call it "Balancerometer"
I believe it's just 2 or 3 tubular circles perpendicular to each other. These tiny tubes are filled with some kind of liquid The reading of the position of these liquid is enough to know the position of the device ex: Vertical, horizontal, diagonal at any angle of mesurement...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Years ago I used to think alot of debives measured that way, at one time it may have been like that but not now.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_accelerometer
I have an RC Helicopter and a strong interest in electronics...so yeah, I just happen to know random stuff like this, lol.
They manufacture these in bulk as chips often...some even having 3+ (rotation) axi on the same chip.
Even at retail you can get the raw high-end chips for a couple bucks...imagine how much they cost in bulk.
hypest said:
Actually, in free-fall, the acceleration is reported as zero.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
i suggest you to retake physics...
currently the accelerometer is just for user interface for phones, not too many uses
i couldnt find a thread that explains exactly what it was... is it hardware or software...
hardware. I think its a type of accelerometer.
my wife is also interested in this.
so my phone wouldnt have it then.. doesnt the camera have some kinda sensor like it in it?
your wife needs to get a diamond or touch pro...
andason said:
my wife is also interested in this.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
gotvitamink said:
hardware. I think its a type of accelerometer.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
As far as I know it IS an accelerometer. Same thing I would say. Don't have much knowledge, but it's basically the same technology the iPhone uses. It can detect how you're holding your phone. Yes, you could use your front camera on your phone as a accelerometer and it's been asked before, but no one attempted to do so since it would consume too much battery.
Kraize92 said:
As far as I know it IS an accelerometer. Same thing I would say. Don't have much knowledge, but it's basically the same technology the iPhone uses. It can detect how you're holding your phone. Yes, you could use your front camera on your phone as a accelerometer and it's been asked before, but no one attempted to do so since it would consume too much battery.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
yea i wasn't really sure if it differed from an accelerometer. I used google and wikipedia and i couldn't find anything on G-sensor, and I didn't find G-sensor under the accelerometer wikipedia entry.
but yea, basically the technology that iPhone uses.
someone should do it...
its an accelerometer which is hardware to do what the iphone does where when u turn it to its side its screen also changes to the sideways orientation.
It detects which way the phone is facing and can detect acceleration in 3 axis.
petard said:
It detects which way the phone is facing and can detect acceleration in 3 axis.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Ah, there is the more technical answer. It can detect movement. Basically you use the 3 axis which detects movement in all directions. You tilt left and right and you tilt up and down. I knew that just didn't know the technical meaning lol.
In most cases the G-Sensor is simply a small metal ball laying in a tub with several contacts. When you turn or move your phone, the ball moves also, connecting some of these contacts to anothers. So the phone can figure out how you hold it (portrait or landscape, upside down etc.) and can switch the screen or perform different actions. Its called G-Sensor because the ball is driven by G-Force.
What is G-Sensor ?
A G sensor is usually an accelerometer. It measures the forces that act on it during changes in velocity. The wiki article below has more details.
Source(s):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer
Dennis78 said:
In most cases the G-Sensor is simply a small metal ball laying in a tub with several contacts. When you turn or move your phone, the ball moves also, connecting some of these contacts to anothers. So the phone can figure out how you hold it (portrait or landscape, upside down etc.) and can switch the screen or perform different actions. Its called G-Sensor because the ball is driven by G-Force.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
False. It's a three (and probably sometimes two) axis MEMS accelerometer - there are a few companies making those, but probably the most popular ones are analog devices' ADXL series. Similar device sits in wiimote (just as a secondary motion detection system, the more accurate one is camera+sensor bar).
Because these chips became really cheap recently, and are way more accurate, reliable, and robust than any mechanical sensors (in the same price ans size range), they're being shoved in every possible device You can find them in digital cameras (used to recognize if the photo is portrait or landscape and tag it accordingly), in hard drives (to detect mechanical shocks and protect the hdd by parking its head), in laptops (usually same as above plus to detect when the computer is falling down or other dangerous situations and protect the hard drives), in cell phones (you probably know this one's uses), in toys, portable media players, and lots of other stuff.
It detects which way the phone is facing and can detect acceleration in 3 axis.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
A more precise answer is that it detects acceleration in three axes, and from these values phone's orientation can be calculated.
[MORE DETAILED EXPLANATION]
It's rather simple - when the phone is normally handled (it's not free falling and it's not being waved around), the dominant acceleration detected by the accelerometer is the gravitational acceleration (-9.81m/s^2 in vertical axis). So, if most of the time acceleration detected along the vertical axis of the phone is bigger than one detected along horizontal axis, the phone is being held in landscape position. If the situation is reversed, it's held in portrait orientation. If the acceleration is largest in the third axis (tangent to the screen), it means that the phone is being held nearly horizontally or it's lying on some surface - better not change screen orientation then
But as i said - it's only true when the dominant acceleration is the gravitational one - the sensor can't tell it from other sources of acceleration like waving the phone around. If you run one of the g-sensor games or demos and try quickly moving the phone around the desk (keeping it horizontal at all times), you'll see that the game will interpret this movement as tilting the phone.
[/MORE DETAILED EXPLANATION]
And by the way, why is this thread in development and hacking?
mr_deimos said:
False. It's a three (and probably sometimes two) axis MEMS accelerometer - there are a few companies making those, but probably the most popular ones are analog devices' ADXL series. Similar device sits in wiimote (just as a secondary motion detection system, the more accurate one is camera+sensor bar).
Because these chips became really cheap recently, and are way more accurate, reliable, and robust than any mechanical sensors (in the same price ans size range), they're being shoved in every possible device You can find them in digital cameras (used to recognize if the photo is portrait or landscape and tag it accordingly), in hard drives (to detect mechanical shocks and protect the hdd by parking its head), in laptops (usually same as above plus to detect when the computer is falling down or other dangerous situations and protect the hard drives), in cell phones (you probably know this one's uses), in toys, portable media players, and lots of other stuff.
A more precise answer is that it detects acceleration in three axes, and from these values phone's orientation can be calculated.
[MORE DETAILED EXPLANATION]
It's rather simple - when the phone is normally handled (it's not free falling and it's not being waved around), the dominant acceleration detected by the accelerometer is the gravitational acceleration (-9.81m/s^2 in vertical axis). So, if most of the time acceleration detected along the vertical axis of the phone is bigger than one detected along horizontal axis, the phone is being held in landscape position. If the situation is reversed, it's held in portrait orientation. If the acceleration is largest in the third axis (tangent to the screen), it means that the phone is being held nearly horizontally or it's lying on some surface - better not change screen orientation then
But as i said - it's only true when the dominant acceleration is the gravitational one - the sensor can't tell it from other sources of acceleration like waving the phone around. If you run one of the g-sensor games or demos and try quickly moving the phone around the desk (keeping it horizontal at all times), you'll see that the game will interpret this movement as tilting the phone.
[/MORE DETAILED EXPLANATION]
And by the way, why is this thread in development and hacking?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
How do you know this surplus of information? Was it from an engineering school / article / books / or phone dissection? How do you know this?
None of these answers made much sense, so I did a google search, found the following:
http://www.dimensionengineering.com/accelerometers.htm
poetryrocksalot said:
How do you know this surplus of information? Was it from an engineering school / article / books / or phone dissection? How do you know this?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The theory of operation is actually pre-high school level stuff - basic physics (you know, Newton's laws, and theory of gravity)
And the details - caught some of these at the engineering university, some from accelerometer datasheets. I had to interface one of them to a programmable microcontroller a while ago so i needed to do some research on my own
I just got a TP2 and is a bit confused as to the working of the G-Sensor. I have calibrate it (and it is switched on), but nothing happens when I turn the phone sideways - ie turning to landscape mode. Am I missing something or need to activate it somewhere else?
Thanks
stoutseun said:
I just got a TP2 and is a bit confused as to the working of the G-Sensor. I have calibrate it (and it is switched on), but nothing happens when I turn the phone sideways - ie turning to landscape mode. Am I missing something or need to activate it somewhere else?
Thanks
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Hello, try to search on your programs, you will have "G-Config", it allows you to define which applications rotate.
Thanks very much. I searched but couldn't find any G-Config anyware in All programs. Only reference is the G-Sensor in All settings\System.
EDIT: Google reveiled G-Config to be a self written app. (just downloaded) So it's not a HTC app included in the ROM?
So I am planning getting a Touch Pro when AT&T releases it (soon). I will greatly miss the tilting screen on my Tilt, but perhaps the TV output on the Touch Pro will more than make up for it.
I am thinking about getting some "Virtual Reality" glasses, and connecting them to the tv output on the Touch Pro.
which glasses are the cheapest/best? I was hoping to find some I could see thru while I wear them if possible, so I could still see the world around me (and not miss my stop on the train).
Also- can you charge the phone while you simultaneously use the tv output? This could be great for using at work.
Good question. I remember seeing something about some that were transparent and could do overlays, which looked kinda cool.
I am just gutted that the raph does not have an electronic compass (Like the Nokia 6210), else we could have full Augmented Reality.
Electronic compass + GPS + orientation sensors = Full outdoor AR...
Camera optional if you had glasses that could do transparent overlay.
Look at a company called "Myvu". They make an assortment of HMD's, one variety being a "shade" version. These require you to look down a little bit to see the screen but you can still see straight ahead through sunglass lenses.
Personally, I am looking to buy a pair from Vuzix, mainly because they have the option of adding a light shade that makes you feel more isolated.
Hey.
So for past couple of weeks Im playing with VR goggles, for now I have two of them, and they work perfectly with my xperia. Thx to few cool apps for streaming SBS video I can actually use my XZ as a real VR googles/mouse for my PC(controlling movement using phone attached to goggles.) And its REALLY cool.
But I have really small and annoying problem with gyro on my xperia. Its work good, its accurate and its not twitchy... but its very often lost levels, and reset starting point. So very often when Im, eg playing PC games and there is lots going on, and I need move my head often my Xperia lost levels and trying to calibrate it self, and its taking sooooo long, I need to remove it from goggles, put it in table and wait for calibration to stop rotating whole screen.
Also when I move from left to right, and up-down its work good, but when Im doing this with head a bit in angle, Its starting to move it self really slowly to one direction(left or right).
For example when I watch 360 videos in youtube, very often I move my head to right, and then I move my head lo left to starting position, Its not in the same place. Its moved whole movie to right.
So my question is is there a way to quicker way to calibrate gyro, and if there is way to fix this annoying "reseting starting position"?
Most of apps have calibrate options but it just center image to front not fix rotating bug.
I tested my gyro in service settings menu, and color box move good if ts slow movement, but its often lost starting point. SO when I star test, and I have Green box in front, after moving phone a bit, and go back to starting position, box is rotated and I see red or yellow part of box...
I know its just a phone, and its dont have oculus hardware to be that accurate, but its look more like software calibration problem :/
{tested in 4.3 and 5.0.1}
Gyro is also available in so many smartphones its usually work for motion, camera and vibration modes.
The effect you are talking about that is starts to move itself slowly to a side is a common gyroscope problem known as drift.
Hi. I recently acquired some cardboard like glasses (blitzwolf) and wanted to give them a try. I really liked the experience, considering they're much cheaper than Oculus, and there's a nice offer of videos and apps already.
But after a few minutes I realized about a problem. You can move the video to the left or right just rotating your head. Mine moves slightly to the right or the left, depending on my phone's position (horizontal with the speakers on the left and home button on the right, or vice versa.) I guess the solution is to configure my phone's sensors, but I don't know how.
I recorded a of it, to make things clearer. I'm not moving my phone, so the entrance to the cave should always be up front, but you can see it rotates to the right.
I know this is my phone's problem, and not the device, but I consider this section to be the most appropriate to post it.
Appreciate it
<3
Inus said:
Hi. I recently acquired some cardboard like glasses (blitzwolf) and wanted to give them a try. I really liked the experience, considering they're much cheaper than Oculus, and there's a nice offer of videos and apps already.
But after a few minutes I realized about a problem. You can move the video to the left or right just rotating your head. Mine moves slightly to the right or the left, depending on my phone's position (horizontal with the speakers on the left and home button on the right, or vice versa.) I guess the solution is to configure my phone's sensors, but I don't know how.
I recorded a of it, to make things clearer. I'm not moving my phone, so the entrance to the cave should always be up front, but you can see it rotates to the right.
I know this is my phone's problem, and not the device, but I consider this section to be the most appropriate to post it.
Appreciate it
<3
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'm also having this problem in all VR apps, you can try GPS Status & Toolbox from PlayStore to calibrate your sensors, it works for many people.
For me it seems, nothing works. All my sensors are working properly, i tested them and have no erratic readings whatsoever, compass works well too, but in Cardboard... major sensor drift. The only thing i can do for now is watching 3D movies in VR Theater with the screen locked in center.
That's a classic VR problem for mobile devices. You could try an xposed module named, 'Gyroscope Noise Filter'. On my device there wasn't much drift, so couldn't notice any large differences, but you can give it a shot.
When it occurs, I try to stabilize my phone on a table for 10 secs and it stops, also it happened when I mess with dpi... My sensors should be good though, it have better range that a friend's phone. I guees it's a more serious issue for you.
Hey, Folks!
I had the same problem with every vr app on my G2 and I solved it!
The problem is the damn button "bulge" (0,2mm) on the backside. The phone never ever laid flat so theres was no way to calibrate the gyro correctly.
So I placed it on a 0,5 mm creditcard so the button doesn't touch the ground and calibrated the damn thing. BINGO! No movment.
I think this is adaptable to every phone. Think of the "flatness" of your phones backside. If theres a button or camera bulging out, the picture will move (probably) to the right.
Please excuse my bad english.
On an s5, dial *#0*#, then tap sensors, then gyroscope self test. Cured it for me.
The same
Inus said:
Hi. I recently acquired some cardboard like glasses (blitzwolf) and wanted to give them a try. I really liked the experience, considering they're much cheaper than Oculus, and there's a nice offer of videos and apps already.
But after a few minutes I realized about a problem. You can move the video to the left or right just rotating your head. Mine moves slightly to the right or the left, depending on my phone's position (horizontal with the speakers on the left and home button on the right, or vice versa.) I guess the solution is to configure my phone's sensors, but I don't know how.
I recorded a of it, to make things clearer. I'm not moving my phone, so the entrance to the cave should always be up front, but you can see it rotates to the right.
I know this is my phone's problem, and not the device, but I consider this section to be the most appropriate to post it.
Appreciate it
<3
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
ve solved the problem. You're using an VR application like a video, for example, what you're running and hitting the phone in the other hand or something soft on all corners. As you rotate it constantly.
dwilson48625 said:
On an s5, dial *#0*#, then tap sensors, then gyroscope self test. Cured it for me.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
This also worked for my Samsung S7 stock. Looks like the "test" is actually a calibration/reset, not just a test.