Why does this device have to stay on that ****ty Opengl 2 when on this Mali 450MP4 should work. I have a snap 410 device with adreno 306 GPU what is AMAZINGLY SLOW, but it has OpenGL ES 3.1, and the antutu scores are almost the same just because the "marooned" 3d bench has a 2500 score and just 300 in That chinese bench or whatever is called.
Is a mod possible to get OpenGL ES 3.0/3.1 on this device?
I'm sure that if we will have that kind of mod the benchmark scores will be significantly higher.
XTutorials said:
Why does this device have to stay on that ****ty Opengl 2 when on this Mali 450MP4 should work. I have a snap 410 device with adreno 306 GPU what is AMAZINGLY SLOW, but it has OpenGL ES 3.1, and the antutu scores are almost the same just because the "marooned" 3d bench has a 2500 score and just 300 in That chinese bench or whatever is called.
Is a mod possible to get OpenGL ES 3.0/3.1 on this device?
I'm sure that if we will have that kind of mod the benchmark scores will be significantly higher.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No.....Our hardware doesn't support OpenGl 3
If it did we would have got Android nougat
Its not about fast or slow its about support which is not available for our device's GPU.
Maybe,,,Maybe a driver I.e. from Mali or huawei can make it support but it's most likely not possible
HaiderHady said:
No.....Our hardware doesn't support OpenGl 3
If it did we would have got Android nougat
Its not about fast or slow its about support which is not available for our device's GPU.
Maybe,,,Maybe a driver I.e. from Mali or huawei can make it support but it's most likely not possible
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Maybe, but I got a tweak that makes OpenGL 3.0 possible for this device. Will post it later this evening
XTutorials said:
Maybe, but I got a tweak that makes OpenGL 3.0 possible for this device. Will post it later this evening
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Wow, I'm really curious about this. Only think we need now it's Vulkan API support, and only Mali could help us(and Khronos or Huawei, pushing Mali to implement is)
XTutorials said:
Maybe, but I got a tweak that makes OpenGL 3.0 possible for this device. Will post it later this evening
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I got what you did but.......I don't wanna ruin the fun
Keep up the hype
HaiderHady said:
I got what you did but.......I don't wanna ruin the fun
Keep up the hype
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Ruin it pls, at least in PM for me ?
D1stRU3T0R said:
Ruin it pls, at least in PM for me ?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Hype man ........
D1stRU3T0R said:
Wow, I'm really curious about this. Only think we need now it's Vulkan API support, and only Mali could help us(and Khronos or Huawei, pushing Mali to implement is)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Guide posted in "General' section.
Related
http://www.howchip.com/shop/item.php?it_id=BRIX5250A
5250 board for only $135. Could I boot Android from an SSD connected to the Sata port?
SupremeOverlord777 said:
http://www.howchip.com/shop/item.php?it_id=BRIX5250A
5250 board for only $135. Could I boot Android from an SSD connected to the Sata port?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
bump
You don't need to bump something on this forum. If no one has responded wait a few weeks and give it another shot. There might be a better forum to post this question to. This device is new and wont be shipping for a few more weeks. Also CES is this week and might show off a better option for you. The listing you linked doesn't even mention if a OS will be available at launch. Based on what I read on the ARMBRIX website. They have an early "port" of 4.1 running on it. Not sure why they are calling it a port. Based on what they said on the link below. They had to boot from the MicroSD slot. This might change as the hardware gets closer to it's shipping date. If you are planning to use the SATA port... you will need some kind of external power.
ARMBRIX Website
You might get more of a debate on /r/Android.
Well, ARMBRIX hasn't changed any of the hardware specs..till now
And it also has an eMMC slot (checkout the other side of the board!; confirmed by a fellow CES 2013 visitor).
looking forward to a great Quad/A15 year!
Armbrix boards
Hi folks,
i'm also looking into Armbrix boards these days. Anyone with hands on experience?
oh oh odroid
check out this board!!
http://www.hardkernel.com/renewal_2011/products/prdt_info.php?g_code=G135341370451
Armbrix' GPU seems better
Nice one, but Armbrix seems to have better CPU (Dual-core ARM Cortex-A15) and the newer Mali T604 GPU.
KindsKoPP said:
check out this board!!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
but it is more expensive than the odroid and odroid has more os support and a samsung quad core cpu, so i think it is faster than an duocore a15 cpu. and just a few people have experience with the armbrix..
fossxplorer said:
Nice one, but Armbrix seems to have better CPU (Dual-core ARM Cortex-A15) and the newer Mali T604 GPU.
KindsKoPP said:
check out this board!!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
plenduc 135
Yes, you might be right. ROM suport for U2 is better as of today with Ubuntu and on going work for HW acceleration for GPU as well!
KindsKoPP said:
but it is more expensive than the odroid and odroid has more os support and a samsung quad core cpu, so i think it is faster than an duocore a15 cpu. and just a few people have experience with the armbrix..
fossxplorer said:
Nice one, but Armbrix seems to have better CPU (Dual-core ARM Cortex-A15) and the newer Mali T604 GPU.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I am planning to buy S4
But I'm not sure which is better
Snapdragon 600
1.9 Ghz
Quad Core Krait 300.
or
Exynos5
1.6 Ghz Octal Core
Quad Core Cortex A15 / Quad Core A7
4g and installing roms is not important to me
Which is better in terms of performance?
Which is better for gaming?
Which is better for battery life?
Octa for all.
tuxonhtc said:
Octa for all.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
why?
an9093 said:
why?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
processor is more stronger rather than spandragon
also exynos version will be global version so you can get update in time
but power vr sgx and adreno 320 is offering same result as a GPU
as a result i recommend you to buy exynos octa 5
any other suggestions?
an9093 said:
I am planning to buy S4
But I'm not sure which is better
Snapdragon 600
1.9 Ghz
Quad Core Krait 300.
or
Exynos5
1.6 Ghz Octal Core
Quad Core Cortex A15 / Quad Core A7
4g and installing roms is not important to me
Which is better in terms of performance?
Which is better for gaming?
Which is better for battery life?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Performance wise the octa version will win on the CPU side and be on par , gaming the snapdragon will probably win cause it seems to becoming a standard on high end android Devices, battery will also be a tie, where the octa wins in low demanding tasks thanks to its a7, and the s600 win on higher demanding tasks cause the krait consume less then the a15.
Sent from my iPhone 5 using Tapatalk
any other suggestions?
an9093 said:
any other suggestions?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The above suggestions are not enough?
Sent from my HTC Desire X using xda app-developers app
Exynos 5 sweeps the floor with the snapdragon
nitinvaid said:
The above suggestions are not enough?
Sent from my HTC Desire X using xda app-developers app
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
not enough i want more
Blackwolf10 said:
Exynos 5 sweeps the floor with the snapdragon
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
what do you mean ?
an9093 said:
what do you mean ?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
better cpu same gpu and better battery life faster updates the only thing snappy beats it is with Aosp rom support and 4G
an9093 said:
what do you mean ?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Giving Samsung ready to make the sources available, you'd better off with the Snapdragon version because Qualcomm will release their sources well before Samsung does. Consequence:
Development for the i9505 (Snapdragon version) will take off while the Exynos version's development will be slower...
f.
Blackwolf10 said:
better cpu same gpu and better battery life faster updates the only thing snappy beats it is with Aosp rom support and 4G
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Stop saying GPU is same ! Adreno 320 sweeps the floor and even the windows with the ****ing PowerVR !!!
but Octa sweeps the floor with Qualcomm.
Both are important....cpu and gpu. But we have enough CPU in both. What sense makes to have huge CPU if you wouldn't be able to play or use some apps because of the old gpu without OpenGL ES 3.0 ?
demlasjr said:
Stop saying GPU is same ! Adreno 320 sweeps the floor and even the windows with the ****ing PowerVR !!!
but Octa sweeps the floor with Qualcomm.
Both are important....cpu and gpu. But we have enough CPU in both. What sense makes to have huge CPU if you wouldn't be able to play or use some apps because of the old gpu without OpenGL ES 3.0 ?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
you changed ur comment to neutral so i guess i can say that your right but still it's awesome to look like a boss on Antutu benchmarks
Blackwolf10 said:
you changed ur comment to neutral so i guess i can say that your right but still it's awesome to look like a boss on Antutu benchmarks
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Like a boss in Antutu and playing Angry Birds while Snapdragon 600 owners cries for being kings of the hills but playing new and high graphics games.
I found one more things which makes Exynos Octa better. The ram in Exynos is LPPDDR3 at 800MHz, which supports 12.8GB/s bandwidth, while S600 have LPPDDR3 at 600MHz (? not sure) but it's at 9.X GB/s (can't find this information
demlasjr said:
Like a boss in Antutu and playing Angry Birds while Snapdragon 600 owners cries for being kings of the hills but playing new and high graphics games.
I found one more things which makes Exynos Octa better. The ram in Exynos is LPPDDR3 at 800MHz, which supports 12.8GB/s bandwidth, while S600 have LPPDDR3 at 600MHz (? not sure) but it's at 9.X GB/s (can't find this information
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
owh and angry birds friends is releasing soon
most of Ram is wasted on S-apps and features anyway and don't forget the wolfson audio chipset for exynos
Blackwolf10 said:
owh and angry birds friends is releasing soon
most of Ram is wasted on S-apps and features anyway and don't forget the wolfson audio chipset for exynos
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I know, even so I'm big fan of Yamaha Grand Piano (I own one), so...if the chip inside the Qualcomm is Yamaha isn't a problem for me.
The only thing that makes me angry about the PowerVR 544MP3 junk is the OpenGL ES 3.0. I'm not 100% what's the importance if it, but i'm sure that soon will be released many games with this support and PowerVR have an OpenGL ES 2.0 api which gives "extended support of OpenGL ES 3.0. However, if you want full 3.0 compliance choose PowerVR 6X Rogue".
WTF is that extended api does ? I want to see a OpenGL ES 3.0 benchmark (GLBenchmark promised to release one) of both, Adreno 320 and PowerVR 544
demlasjr said:
Like a boss in Antutu and playing Angry Birds while Snapdragon 600 owners cries for being kings of the hills but playing new and high graphics games.
I found one more things which makes Exynos Octa better. The ram in Exynos is LPPDDR3 at 800MHz, which supports 12.8GB/s bandwidth, while S600 have LPPDDR3 at 600MHz (? not sure) but it's at 9.X GB/s (can't find this information
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
what is the bandwidth and how it makes the Exynos stronger ?
Eyxynos seems to be overheating (see relevant thread in Q&A)
A question once and for all: DOES THE 9500 support LTE/4G or NOT!? Because that's a deciding factor in my purchse. I live in Denmark. I mean definite yes or no should be possible right?
overheating + no LTE will definitely sway me towards the 9505, but it still seems to be too early to tell.
Hey everyone.
I'm a bit lost and I don't know what to choose to buy: I9500 or I9505.
So far I know that Adreno 320 is fully OpenGL 3.0 compatible, while PowerVR SGX544MP3 not.
Adreno 320 is scoring 4 FPS more than PowerVR in T-Rex GLBenchmark 2.7.0.
PowerVR is scoring 1-2 more FPS in GLBenchmark 2.5 Egypt
Both GPU is scoring the same in Antutu and Quadrant video test, with PowerVR slightly better for few seconds (Adreno is dropping 1-2 seconds of the test to 30 FPS while PowerVR stay constant at 50-60)
In Antutu, the 3rd test (with the DNA code), Adreno 320 stays at 30-40 fps while PowerVR scores constant 60.
Both, 3dmark and glbenchmark show the PowerVR in the S4 even weaker than Nexus 4 and other chinese mobiles.
What's the deal....what the hell it's happening ? Is PowerVR that weak in the new graphic technologies but scores well in the new ones ?
Also, is there any OpenGL 3.0 benchmark so we can compare the Adreno 320 (fully OpenGL 3.0) with the PowerVR 544MP3 (OpenGL 2.0 but with some OpenGL 3.0 features thanks to an API), to see what the score and quality is ? I really want to see what that 3.0 API knows to do, as the Imagination doesn't really says what that API really do. Would there be games or apps using only OpenGL 3.0 and we will have trouble to run them because of this old GPU ?
I'm wondering...if in one year will be released an OpenGL 3.0 game, what will happens with S4 Octa ? It will not be able to play it, right ? I have no idea how that OpenGL thing works, but I remember that a game requesting DirectX 10 will not work with DirectX 9.
PowerVR really sucks. Samsung dumbs should put the PowerVR 6 "Rogue".
My opinion is that the Qualcomm scores very well, even my S3 is enough to play every single game, but the phone lags on RAM and that's why I replace it now. Buying the Octa will costs me $150 more than the Qualcomm version and I will need to send it oversea in case I will have problems and need to send it to warranty. With those $150 I can buy 2 spare battery and the Samsung S band instead getting the Octa. I want the Octa, but this phone really deserve such attention with that old rubish PowerVR GPU chip ? I don't have 4G in my area, so I don't care about the 4G, but will be nice in case I will travel somewhere with 4G, even if for me HSPA+ is enough and very fast, so the only thing counts here is the CPU, GPU and the battery life. Battery life can be solved with an additional battery, so remains the GPU and the CPU....So far A15 cores are yet very fast, but can use a lot of energy. So I can have 2 days battery life with texting and calling, but 2 hours playing games and watching 1080p videos, while with A9 I will have something similar to S3
Any developer or experienced guy here can answer me to this questions ?
Nobody ?
I'm the same situation. I'm still deciding on what version i should buy...
We need an user with Galaxy S 4 Exynos and one with Snapdragon. They should do same tests (like linpack, vellamo, antutu, and much more) and give us results.
For OpenGL 3.0 i think is better to have native support, not via APIs. Also in Snapdragon we can have same Exynos Performance via OCs and much more. I find Snapdragon more optimizable than exynos, but PowerVR is still a good GPU.
Alberto96 said:
I'm the same situation. I'm still deciding on what version i should buy...
We need an user with Galaxy S 4 Exynos and one with Snapdragon. They should do same tests (like linpack, vellamo, antutu, and much more) and give us results.
For OpenGL 3.0 i think is better to have native support, not via APIs. Also in Snapdragon we can have same Exynos Performance via OCs and much more. I find Snapdragon more optimizable than exynos, but PowerVR is still a good GPU.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Totally agree with you. I don't get it why people says the powervr is better. I see that in antutu benchmark scores better than adreno, but in GLBenchmark is awful. This is my only worry right now: what happens if we put the two gpu to do a full OpenGL ES 3.0 test? It will throw an error or will pass it, but with lower score. I don't care the score so much, but its capability to pass the test. If it pass it, I'm sold to Octa.
Also I found that Octa supports LPPDDR3 at 800Mhz, which means 12.8GB/s bandwidth, while S600 is LPPDDR3 but only at 600Mhz or so (only 9.4GB/s or something like that)
Sent from my GT-I9300 using Tapatalk 2
I just read (italian forum) that Exynos in the future can use all of the 8 cores together with kernel 3.8 .
So.......i think i will buy the exynos I'm just waiting a friend reply that bought it on Expansys USA. If he receive it and is all good, i will buy it from that site. With Italian Taxes (21%) and shipping costs it will cost about 730-740€
Alberto96 said:
I just read (italian forum) that Exynos in the future can use all of the 8 cores together with kernel 3.8 .
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Why would you need these eight cores working together? How will you be sure Android will dispatch your applications threads in a proper way among them? Just another headache. I also don't believe they will really help to save battery, it's a pure marketing. But A15 is a bit more powerful than Krait from S600.
I think PowerVR 544MP3 scores below Adreno 320 in T-Rex because of unified architecture implemented in Adreno. This test uses complex shaders on every surface, so, probably, Octa GPU runs out of its fragment processors.
If you don't need a new phone right now, wait for S800 models. I don't think Mali T65x is good enough either. Looking at S3 GPU - yes, it's pretty fast in some wonderful tasks as rendering to texture, but it has some weird bottlenecks making Horn and T-REX much slower in fps than I've expected looking at pure gflops values.
Phobos Exp-Nord said:
Why would you need these eight cores working together? How will you be sure Android will dispatch your applications threads in a proper way among them? Just another headache. I also don't believe they will really help to save battery, it's a pure marketing. But A15 is a bit more powerful than Krait from S600.
I think PowerVR 544MP3 scores below Adreno 320 in T-Rex because of unified architecture implemented in Adreno. This test uses complex shaders on every surface, so, probably, Octa GPU runs out of its fragment processors.
If you don't need a new phone right now, wait for S800 models. I don't think Mali T65x is good enough either. Looking at S3 GPU - yes, it's pretty fast in some wonderful tasks as rendering to texture, but it has some weird bottlenecks making Horn and T-REX much slower in fps than I've expected looking at pure gflops values.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well, when you play some heavy games you need all cores. Also is useful to use all cores when you are charging phone, without killing battery.
I need a new phone, because my Galaxy S I9000 is slow with new apps and android versions. If i buy this is useless a S800 version. CPU is fast, gpu maybe not as Adreno 330, but with overclock we can boost a lot performances.
Dude, using all eight cores will simply melt your phone in your hands LOL. You will drink S4 cocktail LOL. Quad-core is enough, but a gpu it's never. Same things are happening with the PCs. I don't need huge fps in trex, but some safe reviews and opinions from people really knows this things....but so far only you two were able to answer (I will not pretend yet that this forum is full of noobs LOL).
I want new mobile because of the lack of ram in S3, even if it's smooth for me. I was happy to hear about the Octa version, because I wanted to try something new, but I'm kinda lost now.
Alberto96, please let me know when your friend gets that i9500. I want to get it from Expansys too (I think we already talked together about this in other threads). If I will buy i9505 I will get it from Amazon Italy as it cheaper than other places
I'm just comparing:
I9500: - 1 years of warranty (overseas)
I9505 - 2 years of warranty (locally)
I9500 = I9505 + 3 additional S4 batteries with external charger
That because:
740€ = 625€ + 35€ x 3 batteries (and I will still have money for a Burger King and a Cola)
So...it's really deserve the risk ? Still nobody answered me related to OpenGL ES 3.0
S800 and Adreno 330 will not be in a Samsung device soon (maybe never) and 2.1-2.3GHz looks too much for a mobile phone. We already have warming issues with the S4 (I even have issues in S3, with the phone going warmer). Also....My laptop is a Dual-Core AMD 2.1 GHz for God sake.
@Alberto96, I beg you, when your friend gets the phone, please test it and let me know what you think ?
demlasjr said:
2.1-2.3GHz looks too much for a mobile phone
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Not when playing Hi10P in software.
I do not know the exact internal scheme of Exynos Octa, so it's easy for me to imagine the situation when two threads of single application will be dispatched to two different core domains, making it really hard to exchange the data between them, as probably each domain has its own cache subsystem, so the performance will drop even higher than with two threads on A7-domain together.
Phobos Exp-Nord said:
Not when playing Hi10P in software.
I do not know the exact internal scheme of Exynos Octa, so it's easy for me to imagine the situation when two threads of single application will be dispatched to two different core domains, making it really hard to exchange the data between them, as probably each domain has its own cache subsystem, so the performance will drop even higher than with two threads on A7-domain together.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yeah, you're right here. I don't have much knowledge relating this profile as I'm not watching anime, but seems to depending more on the GPU than CPU in S4 case. I'm really sure that Exynos Octa is able to run it, but not sure about the PowerVR. I've read that an Hi10P plays anywhere from 15-20fps (watchable, but still not that great) with a Tegra 3 quad-core overclocked at 1.6GHz, so there is still hope.
demlasjr said:
I've read that an Hi10P plays anywhere from 15-20fps
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
That's about 720p. Just asked in another thread there about 1080p - S4 cannot play it smooth enough with MX Player. It's not a question of resolution, it's a problem of use a file from 1080p home collection without any additional efforts.
We'll see, maybe later there will be an update released for such issues. I think the GPU and the CPU of both variants are capable of playing such videos.
Hey guys,
http://withimagination.imgtec.com/i...or-todays-leading-platforms#comment-880303396
jumping directly from OpenGL ES 2.0 to 3.0 would create a situation where app compatibility would be severely broken across devices. But most people update their devices every two years; by that time, PowerVR Series6 would be the dominant OpenGL ES 3.0 GPU generation shipping in most devices.
It is also important to remember that the PowerVR Series5XT GPU family has been successfully holding its own against recently released competing graphics solutions despite being released almost four years ago, which in itself is an amazing feat.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
So....we should trust alexvoica and go forward with PowerVR SGX544MP3 even if lacks of OpenGL ES 2.0 ? He said that there was long way til OpenGL ES 2.0, but it wasn't such a big way as he said. Now every single game use OpenGL ES 2.0, I'm sure soon will be OpenGL ES 3.0 games only and not after 2 years.
get a look at this http://gfxbench.com/compare.jsp?cols=2&D1=Samsung+GT-I9500+Galaxy+S4&D2=Samsung+GT-I9505+Galaxy+S4
i want to know how good is the GPU of this phone is better than ADRENO 320?
darkhelio said:
i want to know how good is the GPU of this phone is better than ADRENO 320?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
which version are you referring to? quad 19505 s4 does have adreno 320 but i believe it is slightly overclocked, so it has higher frequency and much better in gaming. As for 19500 s4, it has PowerVR 544mp3. so both of them are good but only optimization can tell whether they can run smoothly or no.
darkhelio said:
i want to know how good is the GPU of this phone is better than ADRENO 320?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The PowerVR of the i9500 is pretty much par with the Adreno 320 (overclocked) of the i9505.
Either way, it'll be more than enough to blast through modern cell phone games.
ChronoReverse said:
The PowerVR of the i9500 is pretty much par with the Adreno 320 (overclocked) of the i9505.
Either way, it'll be more than enough to blast through modern cell phone games.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Exactly! Just leave this to Samsung since they are the one who will contact game devs to do optimization with Adreno 320 and PowerVR 544mp3 .
mohawk888 said:
Exactly! Just leave this to Samsung since they are the one who will contact game devs to do optimization with Adreno 320 and PowerVR 544mp3 .
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
yes but the ADreno 320 have more future Proof and the VR GPU is more old than the Adreno...
ChronoReverse said:
The PowerVR of the i9500 is pretty much par with the Adreno 320 (overclocked) of the i9505.
Either way, it'll be more than enough to blast through modern cell phone games.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It's on par for now because apps are still using opengl ES 2.0. Once apps start using opengl ES 3.0 the powervr is going to be lagging far behind, I am thinking especially about emulators such as dolphin where the move is planned and would allow the emulator to gain almost 10fps on average. Otherwise as far as day to day use goes both gpus act about the same.
Sent from my GT-I9505 using xda premium
mathieulh said:
It's on par for now because apps are still using opengl ES 2.0. Once apps start using opengl ES 3.0 the powervr is going to be lagging far behind, I am thinking especially about emulators such as dolphin where the move is planned and would allow the emulator to gain almost 10fps on average. Otherwise as far as day to day use goes both gpus act about the same.
Sent from my GT-I9505 using xda premium
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes but don't say it too often or you'll get all these monkeys on your back
Can enyone port Open GL 3.1 or 3.2 for adreno 306 ? To improve preformance of gpu bcs thats weak spot of J5 2015 and J5 2016 devices?
Drivers cannot be ported, those are micro-softwares which tell you CPU how to use the components of your device and are made especially for one type of component.
ClaudiuXDEV said:
Drivers cannot be ported, those are micro-softwares which tell you CPU how to use the components of your device and are made especially for one type of component.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Than how adreno 4xx and 5xx can be ported from 3.1 to 3.2 (OpenGL) and support for vulkan i seeing thats post and peapole showing big preformance boost in benchmarks like antutu or geek bench . ???