Database Users

Unable to flash TWRP on Moto e3 power with latest software update

I'm trying to flash TWRP (twrp-3.2.1-0-taido.img) on my Moto E3 Power. I had successfully rooted this phone once, and that's why the phone is unlocked. So when I try to flash custom recovery using the command "sudo fastboot flash recovery twrp-3.2.1-0-taido.img", it says it completed successfully, but instead of booting into twrp, my phone is starting up completely. When I tried booting up custom recovery using "sudo fastboot boot twrp-3.2.1-0-taido.img", the same thing happened again.
The software on my phone is "23.0.XT1706_S151_180706_ROW". So far I've been unable to flash twrp on this phone, but I got it to work an year ago. Please, can anyone help me what's going wrong here? I'm following the tips on xda-forums using which other users were able to flash the same recovery on their phones.

you can try this
ajyotirmay said:
I'm trying to flash TWRP (twrp-3.2.1-0-taido.img) on my Moto E3 Power. I had successfully rooted this phone once, and that's why the phone is unlocked. So when I try to flash custom recovery using the command "sudo fastboot flash recovery twrp-3.2.1-0-taido.img", it says it completed successfully, but instead of booting into twrp, my phone is starting up completely. When I tried booting up custom recovery using "sudo fastboot boot twrp-3.2.1-0-taido.img", the same thing happened again.
The software on my phone is "23.0.XT1706_S151_180706_ROW". So far I've been unable to flash twrp on this phone, but I got it to work an year ago. Please, can anyone help me what's going wrong here? I'm following the tips on xda-forums using which other users were able to flash the same recovery on their phones.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Get into the fastboot mode try again unlock your oem
'fastboot oem unlock'(volume up on your phone and select yes ) --->'fastboot format userdata' now flash the twrp recovery the link is below try this it may work worked fine for me and dont know really why the updated twrp is not flashing
My Google Drive link for TWRP recovery:-https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BylQ6RZ2mIP_cElxMzFoRVEyRDg/view?usp=sharing

Cannot boot in recovery after TWRP update

I've a big problem, and I hope someone can help me
I wanted to change the rom, so I've rebooted my phone in recovery mode and executed a full wipe, after that I've updated TWRP, everything seemed to have gone well so i restarted my phone, but at this point it neither boot the rom(obviously, it is full wiped) nor the TWRP can start...
What can I do? I can only start the Fastboot screen...

How'd you update TWRP? If you did it through fastboot commands, you can just flash TWRP to the recovery partition, or boot it directly.
If you didn't do it through fastboot commands, you'll need to get that to fix it. Google has links to the latest android-tools for Windows and Linux on their Android site somewhere.
From there, you'll need TWRP (either official or codeworkx's), and then you use the flashboot executable to flash it: fastboot flash recovery TWRP.img

espionage724 said:
How'd you update TWRP? If you did it through fastboot commands, you can just flash TWRP to the recovery partition, or boot it directly.
If you didn't do it through fastboot commands, you'll need to get that to fix it. Google has links to the latest android-tools for Windows and Linux on their Android site somewhere.
From there, you'll need TWRP (either official or codeworkx's), and then you use the flashboot executable to flash it: fastboot flash recovery TWRP.img
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks, I solved reflashing it via ADB with fastboot command

{root} Boot-loader unlock, TWRP flash and Magisk install after updating to Pie

* I'm not responsible for bricked devices, dead SD cards, thermonuclear war, or you getting fired because the alarm app failed.
* Please do some research if you have any concerns about features included in the products you find here before flashing it!
* YOU are choosing to make these modifications, and if you point the finger at me for messing up your device, I will laugh at you.
* Your warranty could be void if you tamper with any part of your device / software.
* Same statement for XDA.
Needed tools : Backup your phone before following any steps
1. Minimal adb and fastboot
2. official TWRP 3.3 for jasmine_sprout Download img file from twrp website
3. latest magisk manager 19.2 zip file from magisk manager website
First step : Boot loader unlock
1) Tap on build number more than 7 times and unlock developer option in about phone.
2) turn on OEM Unlocking and USB debugging
Now open command windows in adb shell folder and connect your device to computer.
type : 1) adb devies (this should show your device after giving permission in your phone : conformation that your device is
connected)
2) adb reboot bootloader
3) fastboot devices ( conformation that your phone is coonected in fastboot mode)
4) fastboot oem unlock
( after that you need to follow according steps in your phone and grant to unlock phone)
keep in mind this will reset your phone. Afteer reboot again turn on developer options and usb debugging
5) fastboot flashing unlock_critical
( the warning and steps you need to follow again in your phone like in step 4)
this will again reset your phone.Afteer reboot again turn on developer options and usb debugging
Congratulations your bootloader is Unlocked now.
STEP 2. Flashing TWRP and Magisk Install
before that keep in mind As Mi A2 follows A/B boot partition system so DONT DIRECT FLASH TWRP FROM
FASTBOOT.
" Dont forget to turn on developer options and usb debugging "
open command window in adb shell folder and boot your phone in bootloader mode as told earlier and connect to computer.
Copy twrp-3.3.0-0-jasmine_sprout.img to minimal adb and fastboot folder. you can rename it to your convenient name
type : 1) fastboot boot twrp-3.3.0-0-jasmine_sprout.img
or if you renamed it
fastboot boot YourRenameName.img
this will temporarily boot twrp in your Device. As twrp is booted you will be able to see your phone connected in computer
(file transfer mode)
Copy and paste both magiskmanager.zip (current latest stable is 19.2 ) into phone
Flash your downloaded version of Magiskmanager.zip
Reboot your Phone.
Congratulations If nothing goes sideways Your phone is Magisk Rooted.
If you want to flash something using TWRP now is the time Otherwise as Mi A2 has A/B slot form and no Recovery Partition You Cannot flash TWRP permanently.
But You can always boot TWRP from adb and use it.

ROM flashing help
Can't flash ROM after using this method

Torque422 said:
Can't flash ROM after using this method
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You May be facing some highly lag issues too. In that case flash stock rom using mi flash tool. In my steps i said that flash twrp.zip file after booting it. But flashing twrp.zip doesnt do anything. if you want to use TWRP you need to boot TWRP everytime from adb.
Also After flashing stock rom i am pretty sure that you will be able to flash custom rom.
follow this guide for flashing custom ROMs
https://forum.xda-developers.com/mi-a2/how-to/guide-how-to-flash-custom-roms-stuff-t3876375

Failed
No such a directory problem, please help

Please elaborate more about the problem ? @shahidrok
shahidrok said:
No such a directory problem, please help
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
---------- Post added at 03:16 PM ---------- Previous post was at 03:08 PM ----------
TYPHOON9055 said:
You May be facing some highly lag issues too. In that case flash stock rom using mi flash tool. In my steps i said that flash twrp.zip file after booting it. But flashing twrp.zip doesnt do anything. if you want to use TWRP you need to boot TWRP everytime from adb.
Also After flashing stock rom i am pretty sure that you will be able to flash custom rom.
follow this guide for flashing custom ROMs
https://forum.xda-developers.com/mi-a2/how-to/guide-how-to-flash-custom-roms-stuff-t3876375
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks ?, i have successfully installed havoc rom, i read that link many times But this time i read more carefully, I have installed everything now?
Do you know, If we can install nethunter in our mi a2 @TYPHOON9055

Hve done everything but when i try to reboot to twrp it gets stuck on twrp logo,dont know what im doing wrong.

Twrp only working when flashing via adb, and when I try to boot into twrp recovery it gets stuck twrp logo. Flashed magisk patched but unable to flash any magisk module or if I try to flash and reboot device it always get stucks in bootloop.. unable to find the problem.. a little help would be highly appreciated. Thanks

I get error 1 during flashing

Amnvlad said:
Twrp only working when flashing via adb, and when I try to boot into twrp recovery it gets stuck twrp logo. Flashed magisk patched but unable to flash any magisk module or if I try to flash and reboot device it always get stucks in bootloop.. unable to find the problem.. a little help would be highly appreciated. Thanks
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Reflash the latest twrp again through fastboot , And flash only .img file of twrp
---------- Post added at 07:06 AM ---------- Previous post was at 07:04 AM ----------
Alucard said:
I get error 1 during flashing
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Follow the flashing custom rom guide, i flashed successfully, Havoc rom is fantastic ?

Torque422 said:
Reflash the latest twrp again through fastboot , And flash only .img file of twrp
---------- Post added at 07:06 AM ---------- Previous post was at 07:04 AM ----------
Follow the flashing custom rom guide, i flashed successfully, Havoc rom is fantastic
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I unlock bootloader perfectly,then boot twrp ,then wipe all except internal storage then trying flash but doesnt work,so do i have to flash magisk first then reboot and trying flash rom?

Alucard said:
I unlock bootloader perfectly,then boot twrp ,then wipe all except internal storage then trying flash but doesnt work,so do i have to flash magisk first then reboot and trying flash rom?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Available custom roms are for Oreo versions if you have updated ur device to pie , it won't work.

Alucard said:
I unlock bootloader perfectly,then boot twrp ,then wipe all except internal storage then trying flash but doesnt work,so do i have to flash magisk first then reboot and trying flash rom?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I was on stock pie + may update (10.0.9)
Follow this way , unlock the bootloader via fastboot oem unlock, fastboot flashing unlock it will reboot here, goto developer settings Enable usb debugging
Then do this fastboot flashing unlock_critical It will again reboot
Now, install the magisk app And download the patched boot image from internet Whatever your build no is, mine was 10.0.9 so i downloaded version 10.0.9_boot.img
Open the magisk app, click on install , select and patch a file, Then choose this downloaded patched image, it will flash it successfully, if it don't Then you have mistaken something..
After this there will be a patched.img in download folder Which is just created by magisk, copy this img to pc, Through fastboot Flash it "fastboot boot patched.img"
Now, flash TwrpImage3.3.img through fastboot
When you boot in , Copy and paste your rom, gapps
Now flash twrpVersion3.2.img via fastboot
Clear system,data,caches, Flash the rom in slot B
Now flash the twrp3.2.zip through installed twrp, click on recovery And it will boot to twrp
Now Flash the gapps in slot a (i used nano)
Now flash magisk.zip through twrp
Reboot , That's it!
(Twrp 3.2 is stable for flashing rom and gapps , Just for first time When we coming from stock
Twrp 3.3 latest Gives us MTP transfer, The difference is this in using both of these)
Installation of magisk is the last process, it is part of rom, First installed ur desired rom and then magisk
You said, You installed twrp, as i mentioned above You forgot to do some steps as about patched boot + installation of magisk through patched file etc..
Though you can try to search on google for your next step
patched supported magisk Version x.x.x for mi a2
If you got the file, You are lucky.. otherwise flash the stock rom with mi flash tool
And Start from unlocking bootloader

Magisk Module available.
Torque422 said:
Please elaborate more about the problem ? @shahidrok
---------- Post added at 03:16 PM ---------- Previous post was at 03:08 PM ----------
Thanks , i have successfully installed havoc rom, i read that link many times But this time i read more carefully, I have installed everything now
Do you know, If we can install nethunter in our mi a2 @TYPHOON9055
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
There is a magisk module available for installing kali nethunter in this device. i never tried installing it but it should work fine. Read proper descriptions before installing it though.

Alucard said:
I unlock bootloader perfectly,then boot twrp ,then wipe all except internal storage then trying flash but doesnt work,so do i have to flash magisk first then reboot and trying flash rom?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
the adb recognized my phone but fastboot do not, help me out please

Andrew.kathy said:
the adb recognized my phone but fastboot do not, help me out please
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Probably a problem with drivers, check and reinstall drivers

Can i use this method to flash magisk on Mi 9T pro?

I can't boot into twrp
The command u said to enter fastboot boot twrp.img it says booting and then the bootloader message and then shut downs

Topper8118 said:
The command u said to enter fastboot boot twrp.img it says booting and then the bootloader message and then shut downs
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Checklist:
- there is file of <compatible TWRP recovery> in ADB/Fastboot directory with the name you are typing in fastboot command
- ADB drivers installed correctly (both "adb devices -l" and "fastboot devices" return valid results in corresponding phone states)
- only one phone (namely MiA2) is connected to PC
- phone fully unlocked (OEM debugging enabled and PC was previously approved for ADB in phone)
- USB port on MB of PC is USB-2.x or USB-3.x-compatible-with-Mi-A2<which is not true in general>

Several guys says that command "fastboot oem unlock" is old and now we have to write "fastboot flashing unlock" instead, then "critical".
Which is the best way now?
Thank you

HTCDevil said:
Several guys says that command "fastboot oem unlock" is old and now we have to write "fastboot flashing unlock" instead, then "critical".
Which is the best way now?
Thank you
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
fastboot flashing unlock
fastboot flashing unlock_critical

Is it possible to root OOS 10.0.1?

lately I did a clean install of OOS 10.0.1 on my International 6t. Installed OOS and magisk from TWRP.
After booting there was a Magisk Manager in applications claiming that Magisk itself was not installed. I tried to install Magisk from Manager, but failed. Then I reboot the phone into the recovery and TWRP was gone!! There was only a stock recovery. Well, I tried to run TWRP from computer with 'fastboot boot .\twrp-3.3.1-28-fajita-Q-mauronofrio.img'. Error - "remote: unknown command".
I searched forum and found a thread fastboot boot twrp.img FAILED (remote: unknown command). @dbarrett480 wrote: 'Twrp can't flash anything to system in A10 right now, so unless that is fixed there is no point at this moment anyway. A10 uses a virtualized system partition which doesn't allow R/W access to system....'. Does it mean that rooting is not possible with stock OOS and only possible solution is to use custom ROM?

It is. Look for the patched boot.img and flash that through fastboot. Make sure to install magisk manager first.

BesoC said:
Well, I tried to run TWRP from computer with 'fastboot boot .\twrp-3.3.1-28-fajita-Q-mauronofrio.img'. Error - "remote: unknown command".
I searched forum and found a thread fastboot boot twrp.img FAILED (remote: unknown command). @dbarrett480 wrote: 'Twrp can't flash anything to system in A10 right now, so unless that is fixed there is no point at this moment anyway. A10 uses a virtualized system partition which doesn't allow R/W access to system....'. Does it mean that rooting is not possible with stock OOS and only possible solution is to use custom ROM?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The information you found is outdated. I'm surprised you didn't properly read through the official TWRP thread here, more specifically this post clarifies the error in your use of fastboot (or better said: the use of fastboot according to the mistakes made by OnePlus). Which is also mentioned several times in the page you linked to.
As a senior member, please don't create new threads inquiring information you could easily find. Even though the methods to obtain it have been challenging for a short while, being able to achieve root has never been interrupted for this device. Even without being able to modify system files. Systemless rules!
Wrapped with delicious Fajita [emoji896]

bokkoman said:
It is. Look for the patched boot.img and flash that through fastboot. Make sure to install magisk manager first.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
So, should do following:
Install Magisk Manager
Flash patched boot.img through fastboot
Install TWRP
Install Magisk
Is it correct?

The patched boot.img already contains magisk.
But you don't need twrp to be rooted, unless you really want to use it for something else... But i don't use it anymore. So I'm fully stock, except that I'm unlocked and rooted.
So it should be:
1. Install magisk manager.
2. Flash boot.img
3. Enjoy. But check magisk manager if it was successful.

bokkoman said:
The patched boot.img already contains magisk.
But you don't need twrp to be rooted, unless you really want to use it for something else... But i don't use it anymore. So I'm fully stock, except that I'm unlocked and rooted.
So it should be:
1. Install magisk manager.
2. Flash boot.img
3. Enjoy. But check magisk manager if it was successful.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Regarding all that was said here, is rooting possible by following these steps?
Reboot
Fastboot TWRP img
Use volume up to recovery and power button to boot to recovery
Flash 10.0.1 stock boot img from TWRP
Flash TWRP zip
Reboot to recovery
Flash Magisk 20.1
Flash kernel if want
Reboot system
Click to expand...
Click to collapse

BesoC said:
Regarding all that was said here, is rooting possible by following these steps?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes, this tutorial with the twrp should work ...

BesoC said:
Regarding all that was said here, is rooting possible by following these steps?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
That's only if you need TWRP.
But for what I've been reading, you don't need TWRP and then i suggest to not install it.
Just flash everything stock and keep it that way. Only thing to flash is the patched boot.img with root in it.
You can always update Android from the settings and patch/install boot with magisk manager on inactive slot. This will keep your device rooted without the need of TWRP.

Here what I found:
https://forum.xda-developers.com/showpost.php?p=81111389&postcount=145
Today I installed the new update, 10.0.1 for OP 6T and then I discovered that there is no magisk patched boot.img yet. I extracted it with payload dumper, patched with the installed magisk and flashed successfully.
I uploaded it to my drive for others. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1kb...VgWNaWgLN6j17b
The commands for flashing are:
fastboot flash boot_a magisk_patched.img
fastboot flash boot_b magisk_patched.img
Maybe someone can add it to the first post.
original 10.0.1 boot.img https://drive.google.com/open?id=1HP...Du8zCOFMXInjXq
Click to expand...
Click to collapse

I used this method to root 10.0.01
https://forum.xda-developers.com/oneplus-6t/how-to/ultimateguide-t4004367
I went from rooted 9.0.17 to 10 to 10.0.01
Never had an issue and everything works fine for me.

Today I installed the new update, 10.0.1 for OP 6T and then I discovered that there is no magisk patched boot.img yet. I extracted it with payload dumper, patched with the installed magisk and flashed successfully.
I uploaded it to my drive for others. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1kb...VgWNaWgLN6j17b
The commands for flashing are:
fastboot flash boot_a magisk_patched.img
fastboot flash boot_b magisk_patched.img
Maybe someone can add it to the first post.
original 10.0.1 boot.img https://drive.google.com/open?id=1HP...Du8zCOFMXInjXq
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
My phone get stuck on the boot animation by following this guide. I have not factory reset my phone.

DrXperience said:
My phone get stuck on the boot animation by following this guide. I have not factory reset my phone.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I still don't get why people don't use the good old way:
fastboot flash boot twrp.img (latest version)
If you just need root use twrp to flash Magisk zip
If you need twrp flash twrp installer also
Reboot
All the mess before was because we didn't have a working TWRP! Now that we have it don't need to use patched boot img made by others.

Magisk W/ Android 11 on OnePlus 8 Pro

Hello all...
Just a quick question as I am reading and seeing so many different answers. I have the UNLOCKED US version OnePlus 8 Pro (IN2025) Which is currently running Oxygen OS 11.IN11AA (Android 11 Official). I have successfully unlocked the bootloader and am ready to root with Magisk. I am at a loss because I dont know which Magisk to use or how to properly flash it. I have Magisk Manager 8.0.2 and have Magisk version 21.0
I have also downloaded the patched boot image from here... https://forum.xda-developers.com/oneplus-8-pro/how-to/root-patched-boot-img-android-11-op8-t4174919
What am I doing wrong? Can someone please just give me a quick rundown... I am not new to rooting just haven't done in in over a year. Thank you!

Don't think your doing anything wrong, just need to get that image on your pc, and fastboot flash it to both a/b slots then reboot your phone and you should have root available
adb reboot bootloader
fastboot boot (name of image).img - Try this one first as it just allows you to see if the phone boots up fine, if it does reboot back into the bootloader and then do the following...
fastboot flash boot_a (name of image).img
fastboot flash boot_b (name of image).img
fastboot reboot

How do I get Magisk 21.0 to install through Magisk Manager?

You don't, that's why you've downloaded a patched img, that has been patched with magisk already, just need to flash it accordingly

CraigHardy said:
You don't, that's why you've downloaded a patched img, that has been patched with magisk already, just need to flash it accordingly
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
This is what I am getting after following your directions to a T!
I also flashed to both partitions. Please see attachments. I sent 2 screenshots.

You don't do the install from magisk, have to copy the patched img to a pc where you have adb/fastboot installed then install from command prompt

CraigHardy said:
You don't do the install from magisk, have to copy the patched img to a pc where you have adb/fastboot installed then install from command prompt
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I did not do the install through Magisk Manager I did the install via adb and fastboot in fastboot mode. It Said flash successful. But when I go into Magisk Manager after rebooting, nothing changes.

Doesn't work. Download the patched image, put it on the phone, use magisk canary manager to patch it again, transfer it off your phone, then boot into Fastboot and flash it.
It has to be patched in the phone it will be installed to otherwise it will not work.

akinkoff85 said:
I did not do the install through Magisk Manager I did the install via adb and fastboot in fastboot mode. It Said flash successful. But when I go into Magisk Manager after rebooting, nothing changes.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Use the beta magisk.
Re-patch it in your newly updated magisk manager then flash to both slots..
Also verify the size of the file prior to flashing.. Mine was 96MB

Here is the exact size.

Problem uploading image

I am a little confused now... I uninstalled root for a few days and now have the second release of android 11... I am in fastboot mode doing fastboot flash boot... then the file name and all it says is waiting for device?? Any help??

dladz said:
Use the beta magisk.
Re-patch it in your newly updated magisk manager then flash to both slots..
Also verify the size of the file prior to flashing.. Mine was 96MB
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Indeed, using the beta version worked for me! Thanks for the tip!

imval said:
Indeed, using the beta version worked for me! Thanks for the tip!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No worries man, glad you're sorted

CraigHardy said:
Don't think your doing anything wrong, just need to get that image on your pc, and fastboot flash it to both a/b slots then reboot your phone and you should have root available
adb reboot bootloader
fastboot boot (name of image).img - Try this one first as it just allows you to see if the phone boots up fine, if it does reboot back into the bootloader and then do the following...
fastboot flash boot_a (name of image).img
fastboot flash boot_b (name of image).img
fastboot reboot
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
What is the explanation as to why one needs to fastboot flash Magisk to both slots instead of using the following command:
adb reboot bootloader
fastboot getvar current-slot
*in my case Slot B*
fastboot flash boot_b magisk_patched.img
fastboot reboot

rodken said:
What is the explanation as to why one needs to fastboot flash Magisk to both slots instead of using the following command:
adb reboot bootloader
fastboot getvar current-slot
*in my case Slot B*
fastboot flash boot_b magisk_patched.img
fastboot reboot
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You can, however flashing to both slots is seemingly easier.
Personally I wouldn't flash at all.
Just boot to avoid the possibility of a bad boot.

akinkoff85 said:
Hello all...
Just a quick question as I am reading and seeing so many different answers. I have the UNLOCKED US version OnePlus 8 Pro (IN2025) Which is currently running Oxygen OS 11.IN11AA (Android 11 Official). I have successfully unlocked the bootloader and am ready to root with Magisk. I am at a loss because I dont know which Magisk to use or how to properly flash it. I have Magisk Manager 8.0.2 and have Magisk version 21.0
I have also downloaded the patched boot image from here... https://forum.xda-developers.com/oneplus-8-pro/how-to/root-patched-boot-img-android-11-op8-t4174919
What am I doing wrong? Can someone please just give me a quick rundown... I am not new to rooting just haven't done in in over a year. Thank you!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Watch this video it helped me out allot

dladz said:
You can, however flashing to both slots is seemingly easier.
Personally I wouldn't flash at all.
Just boot to avoid the possibility of a bad boot.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I did not know that one can just boot a magisk_patched.img instead of flashing.

rodken said:
I did not know that one can just boot a magisk_patched.img instead of flashing.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It's preferable.
There are some things to note.
1st. You are only booting it, meaning if you reboot; you will start using the installed / flashed image and the booted image will be lost.
2nd. For the above reason. If you want to make root permanent you have to open magisk after opening and then click install - install directly.
As magisk will already have root access, it will be able to accomplish patching, if you tried this whilst unrooted it would fail, or not be an option.
3rd. By booting you avoid the potential bootloop problems you can and almost will have at some point if you always flash, bad images are pretty rife for a number of reasons.
I've got a large guide for rooting in the guides section which covers all the bases and their shortcomings /benefits.