Weird charge current - Galaxy S 4 Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting

Hello guys,
I have a annoying problem with my beloved 9505. The charge current changes each time i plug the charger in and out. I've tried with the stock cable and with my n10 cable. I have to plug it in and out until it hits 1200 mah (the highest I can get) - i were able to hit 1900 some time ago (after switching from the n10 cable to the stock), but then i began to act up, like the n10 cable did.. and now it's really annoying! Is it a defect charger port? Maybe it needs a cleaning? I wasn't able to find any info on others with this issue.

Did you flash any kernel? And by the way, as far as I know, it only up to 1200 when screen is on, and 1900 when screen is off

sackynuts said:
Hello guys,
I have a annoying problem with my beloved 9505. The charge current changes each time i plug the charger in and out. I've tried with the stock cable and with my n10 cable. I have to plug it in and out until it hits 1200 mah (the highest I can get) - i were able to hit 1900 some time ago (after switching from the n10 cable to the stock), but then i began to act up, like the n10 cable did.. and now it's really annoying! Is it a defect charger port? Maybe it needs a cleaning? I wasn't able to find any info on others with this issue.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
On the OEM charger you should be seeing 1200mA with the screen on and 1900mA when the phone has just come out out of sleep.
My S4 has so far burnt through 3 USB cables (yes, there's such a thing). If you're seeing weird values such as 760 mA etc try with another cable.

Actually it's kinda weird, you see, I have 2 Samsung cables, one from my older s3 and one from the current s4.
If I plug s3 cable into s4 charger, it never reaches such high current...
Perhaps some trick on the cable?

Yes, the cable is fried. 2A proves too much for many USB cable even if it works at the beginning.

Hello again guys,
I am using the "[ROM]KOT49H【4.4.2】Google Play Edition" ROM which uses Ktoonsez kernel. The kernel has various charge-settings (including fast charge). None of them affects my charging current. I already tried a new cable - the original.. My n10 cable stopped working. The cable is acting fine again, but had a weird period, which led me to start this post
Maybe I should try another kernel, although i wrote in the thread and asked if others had experienced issues with the current, but nobody replied, so i'm gussing that it's not a issue.
Maybe it's the charger port that needs cleaning? Could that be possible?

Related

[Q] 5V USB charger controlling my WP7. Is this normal?

I just received my stash of charging gear for my Optimus 7 today, bought from DX. Having read everywhere that USB chargers are 5V +/- 10%, and seeing that the original LG charger outputs 4.8V, I thought my purchase was ok and that this charger would work.
Turns out it doesn't. When I connect the phone to the charger via USB, I lose control of the touchscreen and the system gains a mind of its own. I literally just hold my phone in my hand and stare while it randomly enters hubs and either opens an email message or dials someone. The physical buttons still respond correctly, and it's not until I disconnect the charger from the wall socket or the phone from the USB cable that I can regain control of the phone. My guess is it's a hardware fault and not software.
Granted this unofficial charger cost me around $1, but I got some similar 5V car chargers to go with it, and I've never had problems with other USB chargers.
Unofficial charger specs:
Input: 100-240V 0.15A (0.15A) 50-60hz
Output: 5V 1A
Does someone else have this issue? Is the Optimus 7 an uncommon device for requiring 4.8V input instead of 5V?
Your problem is NOT the charger, as that has nothing to do with the functions of the phone.
Your problem is that your LG Optimus 7 E900 is a DEMO unit, with a DEMO ROM. And until you flash a stock ROM onto your phone, you will experience the demo played out while connected to a power source.
You sure? Because I tried it with the 5V 1A car adapters and no problem, and the original 4.8V 1A charger gives me no problems either.
How do I check my ROM version? Firmware is 1.0.7.10, OS is 7.0.7008.0 after the February update.
Can you get us video on this?
Please excuse the ****ty video quality
That is most fascinating. I recommend you stop using that charger on your phone
So, obviously, you do NOT have the demo ROM as I suspected initially.
Since you say it works with another 5V 1A charger, then I think this specific charger may be sending unexpected, random data signals down the USB cable, resulting in the unresponsive and bizarre behaviour. Since the original charger works well, and charges pretty fast, just stick with that for now.
At least you got the update, here in Canada, we are still waiting for our first update.
And your English is so good, and without any accents...Are you sure you aren't from our here (North America)?
This is true magic Really I have no eplanation on this problem. It is only 0,2V
Yeah, and there I was thinking that the whole point of USB charging is that it's universal and totally compatible, no matter what adapter you buy and what cable you use, provided it connects well.
It seems this is not the case, and I'm weary of trying another third party USB charger, as I still cannot tell if this phenomenon is unique to the Optimus 7 or not. Sadly, the only other MicroUSB phones I have lying around don't actually support charging via this port, just data transfer.
i also admit that im "dazzled" by ur -smart-phone...
probably that adapter is"magical" somehow... did u try it on another phone??
+i also use different chargers but never had any abnormalities so far..
Though i use the original chargers that came with my blackberry 9700 and htc-desire, and just checked the blackberry output is 5v!! i cant read the htc...
So, probably that adapter of yours is a "mutant from another place"...
confirm, htc is also 5v...
ps2- i'm also on 7008, and havent got any issues with charging on both 7004 and 7008
The problem is in the charger, it's too chinese . I had this issue with other touchscreen phones, like SE X8, X10... Just change the charger, obviously it has some hum/noise...
lol...
too chinese? lol
im having the same issue when i use the lg power adapter.. it doesnt always happen but when it happen the touch screen just when berserk.
i always thought that it happens on all units. uh oh
To be honest, I thought you were crazy till I bought a Chinese adapter as well. Don't know the voltage, but I'll check it tomorrow. I think it might have to do with the way the unit is shielded, or not. The only time I wiggs out is when I leave it on the desk, but as soon as I pick it up and pull it a few inches away form the desk or any other object it works fine. But as soon as I put it back down, the screen does the same thing.
I have a usb plug that I plug into the computer that didn't do that at the same desk, I'm going to bring in my other charger and see if it rule out the outlet / interference or just the cheap a$$ adapter....
The only part that worries me, and the only reason I might stop using it, is it takes a bit from the time I unplug it to the time the phone realizes it's unplugged and the charging icon stops. Which doesn't happen with any other charger.
I had this problem too.. until I realized it affected my other touch screen devices too (Galaxy S, Galaxy Tab)... Turns out the 5V charger was the problem. Replaced it with a 5V charger of Philips/Belkin/Samsung/LG and all worked..
The unbranded 5V chargers don't work well with capacitive screens as they seem to be letting off some extra current.

Impossible to charge sg2 in car

Hi all, just came 3 days ago from an htc hd2, and so far I am more than happy with it.
I have only one complaint and maybe you guys will help me sharing your experience : I can't charge this phone in my car while using gps.
It seems that the power adapter is not powerful enough to charge the phone screen on.
The car charger has a 5v 1000ma output, more than the regular wall charger provided by Samsung and it was working well before with my HD2 so I have no clue about this problem.
Did you experience that issue too, else can you share what car charger do you use?
try to buy new standard car charger with micro plug.. 13 eur and you will be saved..
Sent from my GT-I9100 using XDA App
Charger doesn't matter unless the phone is dropping into USB charging mode - phone limits to around 600-650 mA by default.
Custom kernels can bump this limit up for I9100 users. I777 users are screwed - we've got a crippled charger chip.
I had the same problem, I used the samsung one, useless, so I used my iPad charger, which is 2A, and charges the iPad quick, still useless. We drove from Bathurst NSW, down to Melbourne, about 10 hour drive, plugged in all the way using GPS, and about an hour from home, the connect to charger warning came on!! So once I stopped GPS, it started taking charge. Looks like when the phone is in use, it draws more then it takes charge, plus I read somewhere on here the phone is limited on the charge it takes, so using the 2A does nothing different then the stock 500mA charger.
I always had this problem with my Nexus One, although they are different phones, the problem is the same, uses more power then it can recharge in USB mode.
After trying 3 or 4 different charges I remember that I found one ultra-cheap 'made in taiwan' from a street seller that worked very well.... so it's kind of a lucky shot!
good luck!
Im using a genuine Samsung SGS2 charger and I can charge and run Sygic just fine. I started my journey with 80% and 40mins later I was up to 91% when I stopped and got out. (not in aeroplane mode..)
Very interesting feedbacks... So that confirm that is clearly not a matter of output amperage power.
It is now the same problem on the galaxy tab 10.1, for quickly charge this tab you need the Samsung compatible usb adapter.
It can be likely with a tab bringing a proprietary plug, but I didn't thought it will be the same with a Samsung phone bringing a regular micro usb plug. Quite frustrating and disappointing!
I will search around a micro plug car charger as suggested by redzion, but actually I don't clearly see the difference with my usb charger + a micro usb cable.
Double post, sorry.
If I use the usb cable from my cd player I have the same problem but if I use the official Samsung car charger Ithe only problem I have is the phone getting stupid hot
Sent from my GT-I9100 using xda premium
Oh Samsung, when you will understand?!
Samsung DOES follow the USB charging standard - it goes to its highest current setting when a charger that follows the standard is connected.
Note that iPad/iPhone chargers do NOT follow the standard - Samsungs will treat these as USB hosts and limit to 450 mA instead of 600-650.
Modified kernels can increase both of these values on I9100s.
The only thing Samsung really did **** up is counting screen/CPU current usage against the charge current limits - that's just stupid.
So the charger has smarts. On the i9000 factory chargers, the data pins were bridged. Bridging these pins manually on a USB cable when connecting to a USB source (such as a PC) enabled full current charging. You can see this in Settings -> About; it will say either USB or AC charging.
Do you think this is the case with the i9100?
I don't condone testing this theory on your i9100. Increasing the max current via custom ROM may be a safer solution.
I had the same problem. Two things fixed it for me:
1) I bought this charger: Sony Ericsson AN300 Micro USB 10€
2) I am using a custom kernel now
Any charger that is rated at 1000mA or more (per port) will do just fine. The problem is the cable - you need a quality microUSB cable, or it won't provide all the juice you need. I had the same issue, and I swapped three chargers until I found the real culprit.
Try with the charger you have now and the mUSB cable that was in the phone box - it should work well with that one.
I just press the power button to turn the screen off. when i need the sat nav i press the power and it still tracks you so there is no delay. With the screen off it does charge.
same problem
Duffman19 said:
I just press the power button to turn the screen off. when i need the sat nav i press the power and it still tracks you so there is no delay. With the screen off it does charge.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You are right, but even if it is better than nothing the charging time is still a big problem.
Yesterday I drove for at least 40mn phone off. Arrived to destination, I turn the device on: it charged only from 0 to 5%
I would like to test the mariusi theory concerning the Samsung micro usb cable, unfortunately on my SgsII box I just have a wall charger, no a microusb-usb cable.
Entropy512 said:
Samsung DOES follow the USB charging standard - it goes to its highest current setting when a charger that follows the standard is connected.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Is there a way to know before buying if the charger respect this charging standard?
I have some cheap usb chargers here and no one is a fast as the one provided by Samsung.
Entropy512 said:
The only thing Samsung really did **** up is counting screen/CPU current usage against the charge current limits - that's just stupid.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Maybe for safety purpose? Gps phones can become very hot behind the car glass.
Samsung are trying to "encourage" you to buy only their official accessories. To do this they've wired something differently in their chargers and cables. This "problem" exists on the Galaxy Tab too and can be solved with this adapter...
http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/USB-car-w...ccessories&hash=item2c5c07736b#ht_3084wt_1163
It's cheap and turns a trickle charge into a full charge. I don't know the specifics of what they've done, but their USB charging just isn't the same as most others manufacturers.
Archer said:
It's cheap and turns a trickle charge into a full charge. I don't know the specifics of what they've done, but their USB charging just isn't the same as most others manufacturers.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Great find.
Pretty sure it just bridges the data pins.

S4 will not charge with AC charger; only USB

Last night I was charging my S4 in my car adapter, but noticed the cattery was still going down. I went home and plugged it into my AC (wall charger) and went to bed. The next morning the S4 was dead and couldn't charge. The only solution was to plug it in my computer and went an hour for it to get some charge back.
I have a root i337m running rootbox 4.1, and I went into TWRP to wiped the phone and installed the ROM again - no luck.
Is this a battery issue, a software issue or a whole device issue? Thanks.
freddywhite said:
Last night I was charging my S4 in my car adapter, but noticed the cattery was still going down. I went home and plugged it into my PC and went to bed. The next morning the S4 was dead and couldn't charge. The only solution was to plug it in my computer and went an hour for it to get some charge back.
I have a root i337m running rootbox 4.1, and I went into TWRP to wiped the phone and installed the ROM again - no luck.
Is this a battery issue, a software issue or a whole device issue? Thanks.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I don't think its a rom issue. I tried charging via USB as well and had phone charging a few hours and it ate crap. So I only charge via AC outlet only. USB charges but at a very slow pace.
Reinaldo33897 said:
I don't think its a rom issue. I tried charging via USB as well and had phone charging a few hours and it ate crap. So I only charge via AC outlet only. USB charges but at a very slow pace.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I made an error in the OP - I meant to say I left it to charge on the wall and I got nothing.
Right now, the charge light doesn't even come on if I plug it with AC.
freddywhite said:
I made an error in the OP - I meant to say I left it to charge on the wall and I got nothing.
Right now, the charge light doesn't even come on if I plug it with AC.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Maybe see the results by changing the charger you're using?
r8revealed said:
Maybe see the results by changing the charger you're using?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I've tried 3-4 different chargers and cables, same issue. Charges slowly through PC,doesn't charge at all with AC. Did a factory reset after reverting to stock FW, no luck.
freddywhite said:
I've tried 3-4 different chargers and cables, same issue. Charges slowly through PC,doesn't charge at all with AC. Did a factory reset after reverting to stock FW, no luck.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I doubt it's a ROM issue, but there's no harm in reverting back to stock to see the results (assuming you've backed it up). If it all fails, i think you should unroot and send it to Samsung for the warranty. Software problems are somewhat easier to fix here than hardware, so it may be the best option to let Samsung handle it.
I had similar problems with my Note 2 before and now with my S4. What I found was, sometimes the usb cable wasn't tightly plugged into the wall charger. Once I've made sure of this, I've been able to charge (AC) every time.
I found this article that indicates that the S4 is looking for special sauce on the D+D- pins.
http://www.anandtech.com/show/6914/samsung-galaxy-s-4-review/2
Obviously the Galaxy S 4 will charge with any USB charger, but the charge time will simply be longer. Samsung uses a voltage divider and signals the presence of their own charger by sending 1.2-1.3 V across the D+ / D- pins, this is similar to what Apple does with 2.0 or 2.8 V across the pins for various USB chargers they've shipped over the years. This signaling is essentially Samsung's proprietary tablet charging signaling which they've employed on the Galaxy Note 2 and now SGS4, in fact the two use the same exact charger, so it's worth tossing out your old ones and getting the appropriate one to take advantage of the faster charging.
However I do not believe this to be 100% true. I think not all chargers will work..
I took a charger that is very vanilla (Wall charger but the D+D- pins are NC) and it works with the S3 and NEXUS7 but does not work with the S4.
This charger uses a stock USB cable so I took a wall charger that had gone bad but had a dedicated cable and hacked off the end and wired up my own cable...
That works! So it appears that the S4 will only charge properly with certain chargers that do something to the D+D- pins (either shorting them with a resistor like the article indicates
I then took a look at the cable I used to replace. It is a Motorola cable and it has the ID pin pulled high built into the cable... So I suspect that is required for the phone to work... But to fast charge it will need the special sauce indicated above!
Had the same issue and found the solutions which worked for me. Go into the developer mode and deactivate the usb debug mode.
Had the exact same issue. I took a soldering iron to my charging port on my phone. Problem solved. The ID pin had a bad joint.
Sent from my SAMSUNG-SGH-I337 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
I have a strange issue, my s4 is detected by pc, charges normally with usb ( wall or pc charge ) my battery is full but when I take the cable from microUSB port and s4 should work with the battery, turns off and consumes no battery, it's like refusing to use the battery and that it is full! battery checked on a sph l 720
I've tried installing other roms with safestrap but I still have the same problem, refuses to consume battery and while the battery is at 100% ,my s4 shows 0% if I disconnect the usb cable... game over. However, I can be on the safestrap menu for hours only with the battery, no problem, is a problem of rom I think but did not know how to fix it .. : (
I'm having the same issue as the original poster. The USB port is good, charges fine when connected to PC (although much slower because of different mVS). Have tried amidst everything and nothing fixes it. I've turned debugging mode off and back on, restore to backup, complete wipe and reinstall of 2 ROMs with and without apps, fix permissions, different kernels, different USB cables... The adaptor is in good condition. But when plugged in while on my phone doesn't recognize that's it's connected. Previously out would give a false charging reading. If off sometimes I got the grey bar battery but note is just vibrating every few seconds. Idk what to do...
crazy_dr0id said:
I'm having the same issue as the original poster. The USB port is good, charges fine when connected to PC (although much slower because of different mVS). Have tried amidst everything and nothing fixes it. I've turned debugging mode off and back on, restore to backup, complete wipe and reinstall of 2 ROMs with and without apps, fix permissions, different kernels, different USB cables... The adaptor is in good condition. But when plugged in while on my phone doesn't recognize that's it's connected. Previously out would give a false charging reading. If off sometimes I got the grey bar battery but note is just vibrating every few seconds. Idk what to do...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'd guess it's the charger. Get a new one
Sent from my Nexus 5 using XDA Free mobile app
I had the same problem. S4 will recognize charger as USB charger, not AC. solution was to clean usb port connector, was some cloth covering wires. then restarted and worked ok
I am having trouble charging the phone the same way. I have reset the phone 3 times and still can't get a charge.

[Q] Nexus 4 charging mode won't stay in AC, drops to USB

phone only started doing this over the last couple months, used to be able to plug in (either charger / cable) and charge in AC mode without supervision.
Nowadays, it takes several plug in attempts to even START in AC mode, but typically it'll drop down to USB (the screen comes on momentarily when the change occurs) at some point in the charging.
Worst case scenario, it'll change rapidly back into AC and out, to the point where I can watch it on happen on the screen. That's rarer though.
It never changes INTO AC and stays there, to be clear. Always a downgrade to USB charging.
Is something wrong physically with the jack on the phone? I've never damaged the phone, dropped in water, etc.
If RMA is what's suggested as my only option - is that a brand new phone or refurbished?
Use another USB charger, its a known problem with the supplied LG charger with the N4. I myself have this problem but am using another charger and its fine.
The USB cable has no problems btw, its the charger itself.
Can you link to your sources on this being a "known problem" ?
I'm pretty sure the same issue persists with my old Samsung charger too - the one supplied with the Galaxy Nexus. So.. that suggest the problem is with the phone, not the charger/cable.
i also have the exact same problem just now.. i'll try using another charger tonight at home..
just now i charged my nx4 using its original charger, in just a couple of minutes, the phone is saying that its being charged using usb.. stupid..
I'm also getting this at the moment, I'm completely stock, not even rooted and this has cropped up only since the 1.8mb Security Patch....
Any fixes?
Will root if I can fix it....
I was/am having this issue as well. I typically charge my phone via car charger (works fine) or wireless, so I can get around this issue easily. Plugging it into the PC and enabling fast charge with franco's kernel works as well.
I tried my N10 charger and it was dropping to USB as well. When I'm at my friend's place and use his generic charger, it works fine.
I used to have this issue but ever since I updated Android to 4.3, my charging works just fine.
Sent from my Nexus 4 using xda premium
filthykid said:
I used to have this issue but ever since I updated Android to 4.3, my charging works just fine.
Sent from my Nexus 4 using xda premium
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Might try a factory reset and see does it make any difference...
do we have any more thoughts on this issue? is it a software bug? is it hardware? which hardware? I am going to experiement with a few different wall chargers and usb cables.
so 3 chargers (Galaxy Nexus' , Nexus 4's, USB 3.0 port on PC) and 3 cables (likewise + cable from monoprice)
SEEM to yield the results, that the problem is the connection between the cable and the phone. The oldest and most used cable has the hardest time establishing and maintaining an AC connection, the newest/lest used one from monoprice has never had a problem, and the LG cable is in the middle.
Is this an issue of wear and tear on both the cable connectors and the phone's port? It's really lame the phone and it's cable are not even a year old and THAT can't stay charging at AC voltages.
Will a replacement phone from Google be a refurbished unit or brand new?
bump
deusfaux said:
If RMA is what's suggested as my only option - is that a brand new phone or refurbished?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
They will send you a new (not refurb) phone and you will have 21 days to send back your old phone. The replacement process is super easy, just call them at +1 855 83NEXUS and tell them your issue. They will walk you through a factory reset and if the problem is not fixed they will replace it.
I've had issues with the microusb port on multiple phones in the past, and have definitely noticed the N4's socket getting looser.
On an old HTC sensation, I had to resolder the port on. Can you reproduce the behavior by applying slight pressure to the plug in various directions?
Does your connection also intermittently drop out when connected to a computer?
A workaround for the time being could be to use a kernel that allows you to force fast charging regardless of the detected charger. But at that rate, it's quite possible you'll lose your usb port altogether sometime in the future..
You could also enable adb over wireless, and check the charger type:
Code:
cat /sys/kernel/debug/msm_otg/chg_type
You should be seeing DCP (has the data pins connected, possibly with some resistance).
Or proprietary if you're using an Apple-compatible charger (has aspecific voltage on the data pins).
If you see SDP, it means it's in "USB" mode.
If it's staying DCP/proprietary but the charge rate is dropping to "USB," it means the phone is throttling down the current because it's detecting the charger can't deliver (voltage dropping below threshold).
with the good cable (monoprice), wiggling has no effect.
with the poorest cable (samsung), wiggling will rapidly change it between AC / USB / nadda
with the LG cable, wiggling, will SOMETIMES have an effect. sometimes it's solid and will only become a flaky connection after it's been charging a while already

Charging problems - only charging over USB

Hi there,
I have a big problem with charging my Galaxy S4. It only charges with my notebook USB Port, my AC-adapter does not work.
In the battery menu I can see that AC is connected, when I plug my adapter in. But charging does not work with my device.
Over USB I can charge slowly. This isn't a software problem, I have done some resets and firmware changes since the problem.
Maybe my phone got a little bit wet earlier. Could this be the problem? Can I fix this with changing the USB port part of the hardware?
colli666 said:
Hi there,
I have a big problem with charging my Galaxy S4. It only charges with my notebook USB Port, my AC-adapter does not work.
In the battery menu I can see that AC is connected, when I plug my adapter in. But charging does not work with my device.
Over USB I can charge slowly. This isn't a software problem, I have done some resets and firmware changes since the problem.
Maybe my phone got a little bit wet earlier. Could this be the problem? Can I fix this with changing the USB port part of the hardware?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Already Tried to replace the charging cable?
Androiders96 said:
Already Tried to replace the charging cable?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes, I tried another cable but had no success
I dunno if I can ask it here, but i don't charge over usb, i mean it just "hold" the power level for me. Is that normal ?
Is your AC outlet working ?
Having issue where S4 only charges with USB and vibrates when using AC charger
I've been having some issues with my S4. I did recently get it a little wet, but it's working fine in all cases except charging. I have my phone next to my bed charging every night. I noticed it was dead one morning, but I figured I didn't connect the charger properly. The next night I noticed it was vibrating every 5 seconds or so, but the phone had turned off due to a low battery. Very strange behavior.
I realized that it would start charging, but it would stop between 1-3 minutes. The the phone would vibrate and not charge.
I've ready MANY posts from others with the same issue and someone mentioned their phone charges over USB. Seemed odd, but I tried it and voila, my phone charged perfectly. I have many samsung cables, none of which work. It's definitely not the cable. I can plug a samsung cable into my phone connected to AC and it doesn't work. I pull the USB portion out of the AC charger and plug into a computer and it immediately and consistently charges. The battery holds its charge as expected, so it doesn't appear to be a battery issue.
I've tried the developer mode options - no luck.
I've tried bending the charging prong - no luck.
I've tried blowing out the charging port with compressed air - no luck.
I recently got an update pushed to my phone (Sprint), but I don't think it was happening right after the update. Seems like a likely software issue.
I did get my phone a little wet recently, actually it was my young children throwing water at me.
I've read so many posts and nobody seems to have a good answer for this issue. Any suggestions are appreciated.

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