How to remove all personal data without restoring to factory? - Xoom General

I need to give my Xoom to a family member. I want to leave the ICS update in tact, but want to remove all data (emails, apps etc).
Any idea how this can be done?

A factroy restore will do just that and keep ICS intact. Factory restore does not have the same meaning as in the computer world, it just means "remove all personal data and apps", also remember to wipe your sd card, if you dont want them to have access to the pics.

Related

Titanium Backup Warning

Now I realise I am likely to be subjected to a torrent of mockery for this, but feel I should post it in the spirit of a public service announcement.
I needed to do a factory reset of my Galaxy S today (Froyo JPO via Odin - nice), and as a clever and forward thinking IT literate person thought it would be a good idea to back up my apps (if only to save my Angry Birds progress).
So I downloaded Titanium Backup from the Market, and used it to backup all my apps & and services with "useful data".
I then proceeded to do a factory reset using the handy code *2767*3855# (due to the minor snag of forgetting my Mobile Tracker password, and being unable to use the reset option in Settings)
arning 1 - This performs a reset as soon as you hit # - no "are you sure" or similar. Use with caution.
Once that had completed, all was good (messaging app was working again which was the reason for the reset), and I proceeded to reinstall Titanium Backup from the Market, and went to restore all my apps.
FAIL
Warning 2 - Titanium Backup saves it's backups on the internal SD card on a Galaxy S. This gets wiped by a Factory Reset, therefore saying Syonara to all your carefully backed up data. Whoops.
Now I will readily admit this is my own daft fault for not checking the backup location, and copying the data to my external SD card, but then "Experience is simply the name we give to our mistakes"
Here's hoping this prevents at least one other person making the same foolish mistake.
James.
Hangon, I'm 99% sure the internal doesn't get formatted using factory reset.. Well at least on my device (Aussy GT-I9000)
internal sd
stevles said:
Hangon, I'm 99% sure the internal doesn't get formatted using factory reset.. Well at least on my device (Aussy GT-I9000)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Today I did a Factory reset thiking I will los the data but the data is there. This confirm the 1% to complete de 100%.
Carlos
Data should still be there fella in 'sd' just move it into 'external_sd' same happened to me.
You should have really read the documentation before using the app
That being said, I have my backups stored on Dropbox so at least if anything happens I can restore it from the cloud.
Trust me guys - the TitaniumBackup folder on the internal SD was empty after the factory reset & reinstall.
That said - it's possible it was the reinstall that blanked it, although that would be even more daft.
Having not checked it during the process, I can't comment for sure when it went bye-bye.
It never happened to me. What about other files on your Internal SD? Did they get wiped out too or just the contents TitaniumBackup folder?
No idea, anyone experienced d1verjim's case? All I can think of is bug of TB that makes it "Delete all Backups".
---
"Experience is simply the name we give to our mistakes", but I think it's not your mistake this time, so hold on the 'experience' first! Gotta find the cause for that. TB is well-known for its stability.

How to backup with nandroid if there is not enough space?

Hello,
I wonder if anyone know... What happens when let's say i have 9gb of data on my s2 and i want to backup it with nandroid? It should be possible to do this to sd card, but what if some apps are on phone and some on sd card? How backup then?
If i upgrade to a newer custom built rom, i them try to backup, wouldn't it restore the older backed up firmware? Or just apps and settings, but not rom itself?
Thank you,
Tomas
no one? did no one fill their phone and tried to backup? maybe there is a solution to backup to a computer?
execine said:
Hello,
I wonder if anyone know... What happens when let's say i have 9gb of data on my s2 and i want to backup it with nandroid? It should be possible to do this to sd card, but what if some apps are on phone and some on sd card? How backup then?
If i upgrade to a newer custom built rom, i them try to backup, wouldn't it restore the older backed up firmware? Or just apps and settings, but not rom itself?
Thank you,
Tomas
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Nandroid backups are an image of
/system
/data
/dbdata
(on CF-Root, not sure about original CWM) it also includes .android_secure, which is SD-stored apps.
I don't understand what you are asking.
If there is not enough space you obviously have to delete something.
BTW: data-partition is around 2,1GB and system-partition 500MB, so there is no way a single backup can use 9GB
Maybe I am not being very clear, sorry about that
Coming from an Iphone, i am looking for a total phone backup solution. Itunes backs up literally everything - your apps, music, photos etc. It's filled probably with 20gb of different data.
Question is if I have my phone filled with games, different apps which make let's say 10 gb (not that much counting in that one game may be up to 1 gb), so how do i backup this? To SD card?
What if I have 20gb of data , 10 of which are on phone, 10 on sd card, in this case i wouldn't be able to backup everything?
One more technical question about rom upgrades. Currently i installed Villain Rom and have a backup made with nandroid. When i upgrade to a newer Villain Rom 1.5 or whatever comes out and I do the restore, i suppose it will restore 1.4 rom version with it's all apps and settings?
In this case, how do i backup only accounts, contacts, sms , apps, photogallery but not rom itself?
Sorry for all those questions, but i'm reading the forum all over, and there's still hundreds of questions i'm looking to find answers, so that i could comfortably migrate from iphone to galaxy..
execine said:
Maybe I am not being very clear, sorry about that
Coming from an Iphone, i am looking for a total phone backup solution. Itunes backs up literally everything - your apps, music, photos etc. It's filled probably with 20gb of different data.
Question is if I have my phone filled with games, different apps which make let's say 10 gb (not that much counting in that one game may be up to 1 gb), so how do i backup this? To SD card?
What if I have 20gb of data , 10 of which are on phone, 10 on sd card, in this case i wouldn't be able to backup everything?
One more technical question about rom upgrades. Currently i installed Villain Rom and have a backup made with nandroid. When i upgrade to a newer Villain Rom 1.5 or whatever comes out and I do the restore, i suppose it will restore 1.4 rom version with it's all apps and settings?
In this case, how do i backup only accounts, contacts, sms , apps, photogallery but not rom itself?
Sorry for all those questions, but i'm reading the forum all over, and there's still hundreds of questions i'm looking to find answers, so that i could comfortably migrate from iphone to galaxy..
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Regarding restoring only apps/accounts/etc but not the rom iteself, within cwm, in backup and restore, chhoose advanced restore and the restore data.
Im not certain whether it restores gallery or sms.i sync my photos via dropbox, and backup my texts seperately.
Sent from my GT-P1000 using XDA Premium App
So there is no unified backup solution for android? You would have to back up everything separately ?
execine said:
So there is no unified backup solution for android? You would have to back up everything separately ?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It's fairly simple:
Nandroid for your ROM and user data that is on the PHONE and /data partition
For the /sdcard and /sdcard/external_sd, that's up to you to sort out... Perhaps back up the contents by connecting to your PC? Then copy the contents of the SD? That way you have your nandroid backup stored on the computer just in case
so then in case something goes wrong, i restore with nandroid and manually copy contents from PC and ALL of my phone's data (software, contacts, gallery etc) will be there?
execine said:
Coming from an Iphone, i am looking for a total phone backup solution. Itunes backs up literally everything - your apps, music, photos etc. It's filled probably with 20gb of different data.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well, now you have a phone that doesn´t hide everything from the user it shouldn´t be that hard to make a backup.
There are basically 4 interesting partitions on the phone:
system (about 500MB) - This holds more or less the whole Firmware. While it is technically just a partition on the flash-memory, it is used like a ROM in normal usage, so the only situation where something will be written on this partition is a firmware-upgrade.
data (about 2GB)- This partition holds all user-installed apps and their settings.
sdcard (about 12GB) - This is not really a sdcard. Instead it is a part of the internal memory, you can use it for example for media, documents, images etc., whatever you like. This partition can be accessed on your computer as a regular USB-storage, and you can do a backup of it the way you like, either simply copying everything, or using a backup-solution of your choice.
external_sd (optional) - This is the micro-sd-card you can put in your phone. Obviously you can use it for anything you like. This partition is also accessible as a USB-storage or you can use a simple USB card-reader to access it on your computer.
Usually all your applications and settings will be stored in the /data/-partition.
If you choose the Move-to-SD option in the application-manager, some parts of the application will be moved to the (internal) /sdcard/-partition, but all the user-data/settings still remain on the /data/-partition.
So the maximum space you need to backup all your settings and apps is under 3GB.
Now to the possibilities of a backup, and the importance of the different things.
A nandroid-backup will basically make an image of the /system/ and /data/ partitions (also a bit more, but that´s not really important).
Usually it will use the /sdcard/-partition, which actually is still in your phone.
If you restore a Nandroid-Backup your System will be in the exact state before the backup, including all applications with their settings (which also means contacts, e-mails, sms etc).
Obviously everything that has changed after the backup will be lost.
A restore well also restore the complete firmware from the backup.
A backup from Nandroid can only be restored on the same phone, with the same partitions.
The second possibility to make backups would be TitaniumBackup.
This program will store all your installed applications and their data.
Default it will store it on the internal /sdcard/, but it is probably more useful to change the path to the external_sd.
Everything in Android is an application, so this will also save all your settings.
During a restore TitaniumBackup simply reinstalls your applications and then restores their settings.
TitaniumBackup can restore your applications with any Firmware, and in theory even on other phones (it may not work with special System-apps but it surely works with most "user-apps")
So Clockworkmod is great if you want to play around with different firmwares, especially Custom ROMs.
You can install different ROMs, make a backup and very easy and fast switch between them.
For a "regular" backup TitaniumBackup is maybe the better choice, it can backup all your settings and applications and for example if a Firmware-update goes wrong simply restore anything.
There is no real need to backup the /system/-partition anyway, you can simply download the Firmware and flash it, there is no user-data on this partition.
sdcard and external_sd usually only contains media, which you probably have somewhere on your PC anyway, so there is no real need for a backup, maybe for the pictures and videos you make with your phone, but again you should copy this on your PC regularly anyway. And if you want you can easily copy everything on it as well.
What if I have 20gb of data , 10 of which are on phone, 10 on sd card, in this case i wouldn't be able to backup everything?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Question is if I have my phone filled with games, different apps which make let's say 10 gb (not that much counting in that one game may be up to 1 gb), so how do i backup this? To SD card?[/quote]
Apps can´t be several GB in size on Android. Normally you have only around 2GB for Apps, if you use the App2SD-feature it can be expanded a bit.
If applications need a lot of data, for example like navigation-programs or games, they will download this on the first start and store this on the /sdcard/-partition.
As I said, you can access this easily like a removable drive and copy everything you like.
It isn´t also that important to make a backup of this, as it can be downloaded again anytime, and if something goes wrong it usually will mess up your system and don´t influence the data-partition anyway (well as long as you don´t repartition the whole memory)
Thank you, that does explain a lot!
I connected my S2, but i can't see to find any installed apps browsing through USB, or i shouldn't be seeing that?
Tomas
execine said:
Thank you, that does explain a lot!
I connected my S2, but i can't see to find any installed apps browsing through USB, or i shouldn't be seeing that?
Tomas
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No, they are stored in /data
You back that up using nandroid, then you restore it via nandroid and they will be there. What you see on your PC via USB is the "internal SD".
Understood, thank you. Things getting more clear after a week of reading and using the phone ))
Sent from my GT-I9100 using Tapatalk
execine said:
I connected my S2, but i can't see to find any installed apps browsing through USB, or i shouldn't be seeing that?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No, you see the (internal) /sdcard/ partition and (if present) the /external_sd/ (the MicroSD-card you have in your phone)
To simply backup your applications, the easiest way is TitaniumBackup.
This will store the .apk and settings for each up in a folder of your choice (on /sdcard/ or /external_sd/, as you usually have no direct access to the other partitions)
You can copy this folder on your PC, or even in the TitaniumBackup-folder of another phone and use it there.
There are several advantages using TitaniumBackup to save your Apps over CWM-recovery. You can use it with the enabled phone for example, and also just restore individual Apps, if you like.

[Q] Backup procedure so tedious? Whats your method?

Im not a noob user, but im not obsessed with changing ROMS daily. However when I want to try a new ROM I procrastinate because I find the whole process so tedious. I have TB Pro, and backup all apps and data, without the system data though. After flashing a new ROM, the setup of everything takes so long. Nova launcher, all my widget placements, options etc. And often times, Im missing data from an app.
With the N7 as well I gotta transfer all the mp3s as well because a full wipe clears everything out.
Is there an easier way? Am I missing something here? What is your procedure for a quick way to change a ROM.
Thanks for your time and input.
You're wasting a lot of time and effort by wiping your virtual sd card partition when changing roms. You don't need to wipe it and copy everything back again.
Keep your mp3s and titanium backups on the device, though no harm in making a local copy of your TitaniumBackup folder on PC or cloud for safekeeping.
When you change roms, a full wipe just needs a wipe of everything except the sdcard.
I've also use titanium backup pro. the batch backup and restore of user apps and data has never failed me, never lost any data. it's time consuming with a lot of apps, but at least you can select all and let it do its thing.
nova launcher should also have an option to create a local backup of all your home screen preferences and settings etc, don't know if it includes the widget layout, possibly some limitations there.
Titanium backup pro can make flashable zips of all your user apps and data, which you can simply flash after installing a rom, though i've never tried it, just used to batch restore within the app. you may have to reboot in between flashing this zip. guide will be out there somewhere. EDIT: found it, menu->batch actions, then scroll down, there's an option under 'Recovery'.
So procedure:
- Titanium backup of all user apps + data (create flashable zip)
- Nandroid backup (just in case!)
- Full wipe (not virtual sdcard partition)
- Flash Rom
- Reboot
- Boot back into recovery and flash the zip of your backups.
Yeh can be time consuming, but a lot is automated. Saves a lot more time than needlessly backing up all of your sd card partition, wiping and restoring it :good:
Give it a try next time, might try it myself.
eddiehk6 said:
You're wasting a lot of time and effort by wiping your virtual sd card partition when changing roms. You don't need to wipe it and copy everything back again.
Keep your mp3s and titanium backups on the device, though no harm in making a local copy of your TitaniumBackup folder on PC or cloud for safekeeping.
When you change roms, a full wipe just needs a wipe of everything except the sdcard.
I've also use titanium backup pro. the batch backup and restore of user apps and data has never failed me, never lost any data. it's time consuming with a lot of apps, but at least you can select all and let it do its thing.
nova launcher should also have an option to create a local backup of all your home screen preferences and settings etc, don't know if it includes the widget layout, possibly some limitations there.
Titanium backup pro can make flashable zips of all your user apps and data, which you can simply flash after installing a rom, though i've never tried it, just used to batch restore within the app. you may have to reboot in between flashing this zip. guide will be out there somewhere. EDIT: found it, menu->batch actions, then scroll down, there's an option under 'Recovery'.
So procedure:
- Titanium backup of all user apps + data (create flashable zip)
- Nandroid backup (just in case!)
- Full wipe (not virtual sdcard partition)
- Flash Rom
- Reboot
- Boot back into recovery and flash the zip of your backups.
Yeh can be time consuming, but a lot is automated. Saves a lot more time than needlessly backing up all of your sd card partition, wiping and restoring it :good:
Give it a try next time, might try it myself.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks for the reply and detailed response. Just seems when I do the full wipe it wipes out the SD card on the N7 which is internal. Or perhaps its the flash of the ROM. Anyway, the standard wipe on TWRP is not supposed to include the internal storage. Ill try again listing your outline.
Thanks
Hightower68 said:
Im not a noob user, but im not obsessed with changing ROMS daily. However when I want to try a new ROM I procrastinate because I find the whole process so tedious. I have TB Pro, and backup all apps and data, without the system data though. After flashing a new ROM, the setup of everything takes so long. Nova launcher, all my widget placements, options etc. And often times, Im missing data from an app.
With the N7 as well I gotta transfer all the mp3s as well because a full wipe clears everything out.
Is there an easier way? Am I missing something here? What is your procedure for a quick way to change a ROM.
Thanks for your time and input.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You probably already know it but nova launcher has its own backup/restore feature,that sets up your widgets/desktop layout/etc. Although I get your point it can be a chore getting everything setup again, like wifi passwords, alarms and other settings.
What holds me back from flashing rooms on the n7, is having multi user set up, as I haven't found a way to backup/restore the other persons apps/settings/data which is a pain.
Sent from my HTC Sensation Z710e using xda app-developers app
Hightower68 said:
Thanks for the reply and detailed response. Just seems when I do the full wipe it wipes out the SD card on the N7 which is internal. Or perhaps its the flash of the ROM. Anyway, the standard wipe on TWRP is not supposed to include the internal storage. Ill try again listing your outline.
Thanks
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Dont use the manual wipe data option. Just do factory reset from recovery. No need to do anything else to wipe
Sent from my Galaxy Nexus

[Q] Lost Data !!

Guys This is a noob question but please help me with this
After Rooting my phone i backed up my apps with Titanium Backup with Apps + Data
then later i was planning to install a new ROM so i even backed up my ROM using Philz Touch Recovery with Data+System+Cache+Boot.
After trying several ROMS one of it asked for clearing the Internal Storage (Media Storage) and i lost all my photos and stuff.
Currently after returning to my Stock ROM and flashing Titanium Backup apps back i cant find My Audio Manager (Hiding App) data.
On Trying to remember i think that the app location was set to sd card.
I want to recover my Audio Manager Apps Data because it was really Important
I currently have a full backup of my stock ROM which totals abut 8.56 Gb is there any way to just get the data back.
It was reallly IMPORANT Please Help.
Titanium backup folder is set to the internal storage by default. Unless you changed that.
When restoring a backup there it should ask you what you want to restore. Data, system, boot, efs, etc.
Just select data. But this will restore all backed up data from your backup.
I know the stock samsung rom is about 3.5 GB, the rest is data. So you will have 5 GB of data that might need restoring.

Backup, Unrooting and Restore

So i have a samsung s8 G950F Rooted running android 7.0, But im having lots of troubles, apps crashing etc etc, so i want to factory reset, unroot and then upate to 8.0 and then root again. so my questions are
1. what is the best method of backing up everything ? like apps positions, apps data, photos, videos, and contacts , so basically a full backup?
2. how to properly unroot My device?
3. how to restore my full backup?
any help is appreciated, thank you, i looked around, but all the posts are from 4-5 years ago, so id like to know the most recent and advanced way
Bump
ZainHikary said:
So i have a samsung s8 G950F Rooted running android 7.0, But im having lots of troubles, apps crashing etc etc, so i want to factory reset, unroot and then upate to 8.0 and then root again. so my questions are
1. what is the best method of backing up everything ? like apps positions, apps data, photos, videos, and contacts , so basically a full backup?
2. how to properly unroot My device?
3. how to restore my full backup?
any help is appreciated, thank you, i looked around, but all the posts are from 4-5 years ago, so id like to know the most recent and advanced way
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Hello, i am gonna answer your questions one by one
1. by apps positions if you mean the apps on the screens of the android then they are gonna moved after format, even after restore your backup. second you are gonna need titanium backup from playstore. Since you have root download lucky patcher from your browser or from your pc and patch the titanium backup you just downloaded from PlayStore .. and then select backup your apps, i suggest you to backup the on a usb with the adapter from the box of your phone , or on a sd card, be carefull do not wipe them . the contacts you can go to the Contacts apps and on the settings back them up to your Sd Card or to your Usb Otg.. Unless if you have them moved on your Sim Card then no need to backup them
..
Your videos and your other personal data move them all from the internal storage to your Usb or to Sd card too ..
2. you dont need to unroot your device to update your device, which methods are you gonna use to upgrade your phone? firmware from odin ? You are gonna need to root your device after the update then .
3. if you use titanium backup then you are gonna find the restore option on the app . your personal data from your usb or sd you are need to move them on your internal storage , and restore the contacts.
Get titanium, backup needed apps on external sd. Instal twrp through odin, insall custom rom like alexega or sac (wipe system and data before or some roms already offer this options).
Later restore backups of needed apps through titanium. All files on sd card/s will remain after new rom installation (if you are unsure backup your media files to computer), just dont wipe media/internal sd. Forget about restoring full backup, if you have a lot of rubbish code flowing around you need get rid of it, just back up apps with data that are important. That's how you should do it.
Ps: Ideally everyone should format data once 3 months and restore backups of needed apps later, it's the only way to keep it in excellent working condition
Extreemator said:
Get titanium, backup needed apps on external sd. Instal twrp through odin, insall custom rom like alexega or sac (wipe system and data before or some roms already offer this options).
Later restore backups of needed apps through titanium. All files on sd card/s will remain after new rom installation (if you are unsure backup your media files to computer), just dont wipe media/internal sd. Forget about restoring full backup, if you have a lot of rubbish code flowing around you need get rid of it, just back up apps with data that are important. That's how you should do it.
Ps: Ideally everyone should format data once 3 months and restore backups of needed apps later, it's the only way to keep it in excellent working condition
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
probably you didnt read my post above.
StonebridgeGr said:
Hello, i am gonna answer your questions one by one
1. by apps positions if you mean the apps on the screens of the android then they are gonna moved after format, even after restore your backup. second you are gonna need titanium backup from playstore. Since you have root download lucky patcher from your browser or from your pc and patch the titanium backup you just downloaded from PlayStore .. and then select backup your apps, i suggest you to backup the on a usb with the adapter from the box of your phone , or on a sd card, be carefull do not wipe them . the contacts you can go to the Contacts apps and on the settings back them up to your Sd Card or to your Usb Otg.. Unless if you have them moved on your Sim Card then no need to backup them
..
Your videos and your other personal data move them all from the internal storage to your Usb or to Sd card too ..
2. you dont need to unroot your device to update your device, which methods are you gonna use to upgrade your phone? firmware from odin ? You are gonna need to root your device after the update then .
3. if you use titanium backup then you are gonna find the restore option on the app . your personal data from your usb or sd you are need to move them on your internal storage , and restore the contacts.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks a lot worked like a charm
Extreemator said:
Get titanium, backup needed apps on external sd. Instal twrp through odin, insall custom rom like alexega or sac (wipe system and data before or some roms already offer this options).
Later restore backups of needed apps through titanium. All files on sd card/s will remain after new rom installation (if you are unsure backup your media files to computer), just dont wipe media/internal sd. Forget about restoring full backup, if you have a lot of rubbish code flowing around you need get rid of it, just back up apps with data that are important. That's how you should do it.
Ps: Ideally everyone should format data once 3 months and restore backups of needed apps later, it's the only way to keep it in excellent working condition
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thank you so much !!
Also while we are at it!
What's the difference between wipe and format
So I got the oem lock thing and i have to wait 7 days etc
So when I get the poem unlock I'll be rooting my device
But to install tarp and magisk I have to "wipe" data
What exactly will be wiped?
My pictures and videos or apps or what exactly so I know before rooting
ZainHikary said:
Also while we are at it!
What's the difference between wipe and format
So I got the oem lock thing and i have to wait 7 days etc
So when I get the poem unlock I'll be rooting my device
But to install tarp and magisk I have to "wipe" data
What exactly will be wiped?
My pictures and videos or apps or what exactly so I know before rooting
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It's same but it very differnt. it's confusing. Format data in this case applies to full data wipe. While if you go to twrp wipe menu and choose to wipe data, it won't touch media (folder with all user files) folder in data. While format will erase all patrition and reformat it.
All will be deleted, since it's full data wipe with media. Just data wipe without media deletes just apps. You won't need to install magisk or su separately if you install custom rom like i mentioned.
Extreemator said:
It's same but it very differnt. it's confusing. Format data in this case applies to full data wipe. While if you go to twrp wipe menu and choose to wipe data, it won't touch media (folder with all user files) folder in data. While format will erase all patrition and reformat it.
All will be deleted, since it's full data wipe with media. Just data wipe without media deletes just apps. You won't need to install magisk or su separately if you install custom rom like i mentioned.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well I ended up installing the official rom for oreo I'm waiting for oem unlock soon, I wanna install twrp and root using magisk, but one of the requirement is to "wipe" in this case it's just the apps? I'm gonna backup just in case anyway! But I want to make sure
All will be deleted no reason to make surerer. I hope you understood titanium part, although i recommend it only if you have important apps, with data that i use (i have only a few), otherwise throw them out.
Then after you installl, you can make full backup of data through twrp. I usually do it after a week i installed rom i choose, and if i install a lot of apps i no longer need, and overall android gets slower, i just restore this back up and always have os that is 1 week old without any setting up to do. After just a couple of apps i restore recent data to them with titanium. If you had this with phone it becomes problematic as you said, i suggest you to remember how to do it.

Categories

Resources