Related
I haven't contributed much to this forum, therefore, I decided to make this how-to thread for those of you who would like to be able to read PDF files in ebook readers (i.e kindle). I should also mention that the same technique can be used for .doc and other file formats but since most of the books are in .pdf format on the web, I decided to make this thread for those of us who enjoy reading books on our devices but would rather have the ebook version of those books so we can use them in ebook readers.
Advantage of turning pdf files into ebook formats (.epub):
1) you can easily transfer them to your nook or kindle or ipads and read them when you dont have your TF handy!
2)The greatest satisfaction of all for me is when I go to turn pages I would love to see the actual page curling animation! which can not be used with regular pdf readers.
3) ebook readers give you the advantage of selecting night/day which in turn makes it much easier to read at night.
4) A single .pdf book can exceed 30Mb but the same book in ebook format is only 170 Kb! its good for those of us with space limitations.
- first of google or locate on ur device the .pdf file of the book you would like to turn into an ebook.
- now head over to www.epub2go.com (using your mac, linux or pc) make a free account first then
- go ahead and either upload the file or give it's URL on the homepage of epub2go. give it a minute to turn the files into ebook, then it asks you if you'd like to send it to your iphone or just view/save on your computer, choose the latter one. It asks you where you would like to save it, give it a destination and remember it!
-now at this stage I email the .epub file as an attachment to myself (to read on my TF)....at this stage your ebook is ready, if you'd like to read it on your ipad,kindle,nook etc, you would just need to transfer the file to your device and enjoy it! (I know with ipads you can just drag and drop the file in itunes 'books' interface)
-on your TF download FBreader app.
-download the .epub file you emailed yourself and save it. (note: your email client should save the attachments in 'Download' directory in your SD card).
-open up the FBreader app and on the first page tap on 'File tree'
-locate SD card then 'Download' folder... you should see your file listed there.
-ENJOY!!
Hopefully this was helpful
Let me know if you got any questions
Nice job. Added to ultimate thread. Personally I prefer Calibre, as you dont have to register and you don't have to upload anything. It also converts to a massive range of formats:
Input Formats: CBZ, CBR, CBC, CHM, EPUB, FB2, HTML, HTMLZ, LIT, LRF, MOBI, ODT, PDF, PRC, PDB, PML, RB, RTF, SNB, TCR, TXT, TXTZ
Output Formats: EPUB, FB2, OEB, LIT, LRF, MOBI, HTMLZ, PDB, PML, RB, PDF, RTF, SNB, TCR, TXT, TXTZ
Link here if anyone's interested in trying it: http://calibre-ebook.com/
I also prefer calibre, you have got quite a lot of different options while creating ebooks and is very easy to use.
Sent from my HTC Desire using XDA Premium App
Good to know about the Calibre.
One challenge I have is that I wanna create ebooks that can be read in TF's own MyLibrary app, I would to be able to read the ebooks just like the ebooks that came stock on MyLibrary basically you can see two pages on the screen and you get the actual full page curling effect when you try to flip pages.
I tried reading the ebooks I created on MyLibrary to see if I get the same effect as the books that came stock with the TF but it was unsuccessful.
peyman_2002 said:
I tried reading the ebooks I created on MyLibrary to see if I get the same effect as the books that came stock with the TF but it was unsuccessful.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
What specifically is different with Calibre converted ebooks. Is it some feature / function that you're not able to use?
Thanks
I've been using ePubBuilder, it supports intelligent chapter splitting, white space cleaning, import from UMD, SND, PDF, TXT and a ton of other format. Add book cover and description at book creation and saves it in a format that makes it easily editable in the future. I'm not sure if its available in English yet, but I saw this language setting in options.
Sent from my Transformer TF101
Another +1 for Calibre here
Calibre, hands down.
does the calibre recognizes your TF? when I connect my TF to my PC, calibre won't recognize it even as an SD card.
MobiPocket Creator is also good.
Calibre's great, been using it since my old Sony-PRS 500, currently using it with an Android phone, and hope to soon be using it for my Transformer. I've been using Aldiko on my phone and have no complaints, hope it makes the jump to tablet ok, or that Honeycomb has a good native Epub reader.
I have tried to open an ebook, i made with calibre with "MY Library", but it want not open. If i tab the book in "My Library" the app closes.
sr-ha said:
I have tried to open an ebook, i made with calibre with "MY Library", but it want not open. If i tab the book in "My Library" the app closes.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
That's exactly my problem! I really like the MyLibrary interface.
Sent from my Transformer TF101 using XDA Premium App
seshmaru said:
Calibre, hands down.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
With Calibre, one thing I haven't figured out is to get it to handle the table of content correctly in PDF ebooks. Anyone has any hints?
peyman_2002 said:
does the calibre recognizes your TF? when I connect my TF to my PC, calibre won't recognize it even as an SD card.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
With calibre you can do internal web publishing, and point your transformer's browser via wifi to your computer and from there download your epub.
I use fbreader as my primary reader. To get fbreader to successfully download the books I always have to install aldiko.
Here's the web page that better details calibre internal web publishing.
http://en.flossmanuals.net/e-book-enlightenment/ch025_calibre/
Sent from my Transformer TF101 using Tapatalk
I also think that Calibre is the best software there is for preparing files for a phone or tab, but as an aside, Zinio is now avaiable for Android.
+1 Calibre here. Been using for months for my Kindle
Another +1 Calibre user.
Have thousands of books in Calibre library that transfer easily to the Ipad, Kindle and Android.
Transformer should arrive Tuesday and Calibre will definitely be used.
Another good thing about Calibre is that it is free and is updated CONSTANTLY and is customizable to how you want your epubs to be formatted.
You never know what new feature might drop any day.
Thanx sooo much this helped me out alot
Great thread! I've been reading and rereading.
Question that maybe some of you have already solved(s). Text to Speech apps.
One of the main reasons I wanted the TF is to at sometime not to have to replace my Kindle DX, which I really enjoy. I'm half and half on reading and listening on driving, but it seems the apps are few for this...only found 2 of them.
I'm familiar with years of working with Calibre and Mobipocket and I'm through my learning curve with an SD card to transfer from my computer/e-mail the different formats.
Here's the two apps I found:
ezPDF Reader - I may have to go back to this, couldn't figure out how the TTS works. Yet, I'm not crazy on PDF format for book reading....guess Calibre spoiled me.(s)
Moon+Reader Pro - $4.89 and worked with yesterday. I wouldn't suggest anyone try this yet,had to delete. I've already wrote for a refund and haven't heard back. The book reading part seemed fine and when I did the TTS and got out, my screen started blinking real fast, continuously (never happened before)....I gave it 3-4 minutes to see if it stopped, it didn't.
As soon as I deleted it, everything came back to normal and my screen has remained fine. Pretty sure it only started with the TTS.
Any suggestions on apps for reading and TTS...maybe more will come along in the future. And I did ask Moon+Reader Pro if they do an update, let me know - I'd like to try it again, but can't risk it now.
Thanks
This might be more of a standard Android question...
How can I associate EPUB files with the Stock Reader app on the rooted Nook Touch?
For instance, if I try to launch a file from Dropbox or ES File Manager, I just get a "No Viewer Available" message. After I download Moon+ Reader, those apps will send the file to that app, so it must do something similar to a Windows machine and associate the file type to that extension when it gets installed.
Is there a way to always open EPUB files in the Nook Reader instead?
As far as I've seen, for every extension you open, you get to choose a program to open it, and there is a checkbox to always open using that specific program. I guess for epub a "reader" program shows up, and that is B&N software.
apeine said:
As far as I've seen, for every extension you open, you get to choose a program to open it, and there is a checkbox to always open using that specific program. I guess for epub a "reader" program shows up, and that is B&N software.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I was hoping that would be the case - that seems to work for some apps, but with EPUB it doesn't give me the choice...
I'll keep playing with it...
Android applications announce what types of files they handle to the operating system. If you try to open a file of a type that has at least one such application, it will either open the single application or ask you which to use.
Although the Nook reader program can read epub files (obviously), it doesn't tell Android that so you can't click to open. (The Kindle Android app has the same problem).
If you physically move the epub file to the right folder, the Nook reader will show the file when you open the reader.
Yes, apparently that is exactly the case we are experiencing here.
The question is: how one can edit those associations in Android OS? Where they are stored and in what format?
tymofiy said:
Yes, apparently that is exactly the case we are experiencing here.
The question is: how one can edit those associations in Android OS? Where they are stored and in what format?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You misunderstand. It isn't a question of file association. The reader has to ANNOUNCE what it can do, and it has to be able to accept a file handle as input.
The reader application is simply NOT CAPABLE OF THIS.
There is nothing you can do.
Why not use something like Adobe Digital Editions to transfer your epubs properly to your N2?
I buy most my books in epub format with Adobe DRM and transfer them to my Nook with ADE .. works like a charm.
Well, I buy my books from O'Reilly without DRM and transfer them to my Nook with Dropbox. Also I have a bookmarklet for saving big articles I encounter on the web as epub and also put them on my Nook with Dropbox.
Very handy because I do not have to plug in Nook each time I want to save something for reading later. It is like Instapaper, but better - epub reader is better for reading texts than any Instapaper client I tried.
However, opening those downloaded epubs works only from OI file manager, not from Dropbox client itself, which is annoying. Dropbox displays message "no viewer available". While with OI epubs are opened in Nook's reader.
And that is the reason I am looking for a way to work around that Nook's reader limitation.
tymofiy said:
Well, I buy my books from O'Reilly without DRM and transfer them to my Nook with Dropbox. Also I have a bookmarklet for saving big articles I encounter on the web as epub and also put them on my Nook with Dropbox.
Very handy because I do not have to plug in Nook each time I want to save something for reading later. It is like Instapaper, but better - epub reader is better for reading texts than any Instapaper client I tried.
However, opening those downloaded epubs works only from OI file manager, not from Dropbox client itself, which is annoying. Dropbox displays message "no viewer available". While with OI epubs are opened in Nook's reader.
And that is the reason I am looking for a way to work around that Nook's reader limitation.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I don't like to plug in my Nook to a computer either. With Dropbox you'll have to just download the file, use a file manager and put it in the proper directory (My Files->Books), and the stock Nook reader will detect it.
I've also discovered you CAN open ePub's with DRM. I use Aldiko, and link it to my Adobe ID, then you can open DRM'ed files that way.
While we at it, as one Dropbox user to other Dropbox user, I can highly recommend you taking a look at Dropsync - unofficial app that lets you sync entire directories, and can also do it automatically.
tymofiy said:
Also I have a bookmarklet for saving big articles I encounter on the web as epub and also put them on my Nook with Dropbox.
Very handy because I do not have to plug in Nook each time I want to save something for reading later. It is like Instapaper, but better - epub reader is better for reading texts than any Instapaper client I tried.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
What is the bookmarklet you are referring to? Can you send me a link? I would love to have a way to do what you are describing. Thanks!
Sent from my DROID BIONIC using XDA App
Got it, should have searched first. DotEpub is the service. It works great on the PC. I couldn't get the bookmarklet to work on the stock Android browser, but it did work fine on Opera.
I'm about to get a Nook Touch and this is going to be the perfect way to grab web pages to read on it. Thanks!
Sent from my DROID BIONIC using XDA App
Hi,
reopening this thread.I think I saw somewhere on the forum an application that was launching the stock reader app. But I can't find it now. I believe it should be possible to use such an app (propagating it can read epub & pdf files) to launch a stock reader and pass the document to it.
I use Astro (free app) to do this. I also paid 99 cents for button savior pro and set the telephone button as Astro for easy access... works very well
If you want to use the B&N stock reader to open epubs sideloaded wirelessly:
1. Download and install ASTRO File Manager
2. Open Astro and go to preferences. Choose "Edit File Extensions" under Data. Choose "New Extension".
Extension Name: epub (no . in there, just epub)
Mime Type: application
SubType: epub (again, no . in there, just epub)
Save
Exit Astro
Now just open the epubs through Astro
I made an app that will accomplish this: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?p=22490176
dhkr234 said:
You misunderstand. It isn't a question of file association. The reader has to ANNOUNCE what it can do, and it has to be able to accept a file handle as input.
The reader application is simply NOT CAPABLE OF THIS.
There is nothing you can do.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The B&N factory reader application can most certainly read .epub files.
bigtexan99 said:
The B&N factory reader application can most certainly read .epub files.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes, but it can not handle TELLING everything else that it can. :/
First off if this is answered I am sorry.
I did a lot of searching - I find it hard to believe that it has not been addressed.
I have CM7 on a uSD card. (ROM manager has it as 7-07202011)
I have tried to sideload epubs for Nook App with Calibre.
I have the files in /sdcard/nook/content that is where the files I have downloaded from B&N seem to be.
But they (The ones I sideload) do not show up in the Nook App.
Calibre seemed to put them in /sdcard/Books that location does not work either.
Has anyone been able to sideload free ebooks to CM7 on a uSD Card? (for use in Nook App)
I see an extra file for every ebook in /sdcard/nook/content they are text files with chapter info
File names InfoJson_xxxxxxx
/Nook/MyDocuments
Then you need to select "My Files" in the app to see them.
I put a copy in there (/sdcard/nook/MyDocuments ) and it does not see the .epub
(Even after a reboot)
And I selected MyFiles in the Nook For Android App - I also tried ALL
I am booting CM7 from a uSD Card
Not sure then. I can successfully access .epub books placed in MyDocuments. I am also booting CM7 on uSD. One thing I did note, however, is that the pull-down menu for picking magazines, books, my files, etc. in the nook app does not map my touches correctly. I have to touch the selection above the one I actually want.
clads01, thanx! Worx!..
Another thing I learnt today was u can get the cover images to post into the Nook app by using the Nook Book Cover Helper app. I use Calibre to convert my .pdf's into epub format.
I've never had much luck using Calibre for PDF to epub conversion. The reslts are usually mangled. Are you using the stock conversion filters, or have you tweaked them?
hmm bobstro, you right, the pages are not quite seamless. Back to the drawing board. Keep me posted if you find anything..
I have been reading a ton of threads on the CM7 rooting. My wifes Nook was rooted using AutoNooter. She maintains the Nook applications, but it sounds like with CM7 you do not. Are they not available stock while booted in CM7?
My nook will be here at the end of the week. I see myself using the tablet functions more than the E-reader functions, but I do like to read. What's the best reader to install to use in CM7? I have Calibre so format should be flexible?
First, CM7 is a custom ROM so it is already rooted and if installed to Emmc, you will loose the stock reader. That should not be an issue for you as there are several excellent choices for readers out there. I personally use nook for android, google books, kindle, and moon reader. All of them seem to work well for me. I have had CM7 installed since march and used the stock nook for a total of 2 days.
The CM7 install gives me all the functionality of the tablet I wanted and loosing the stock B&N software was a non-issue. Good luck which ever way you decide to go. There are many people here to help you out.
Sent from my NookColor using Tapatalk
Thanks for the info! I was gathering that it was a complete change...still new to the Android scene...not a smart phone user and this is my first "tablet".
I am planning to boot CM7 from an SD card (read all the SD card threads and ordered a 16GB sandisk). Part of the reason I asked was because I am thinking about my wife's nook...I am not a big fan of how it works on the AutoNooter...but again I probably missed some key parts when doing that as I never fully understood what I was doing, I just followed the instructions.
access to the Kids books from B&N is one of the things my wife misses with her nook, she has only the one "read to me" book that it came with.
You definitely made a right choice.
Note: on your CM7 uSD, you can install the Nook app, but it's horrible, just to let you know in advance.
tightwad said:
access to the Kids books from B&N is one of the things my wife misses with her nook, she has only the one "read to me" book that it came with.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
That's odd, the stock reader (still there with rooted stock) can handle the kid's books, but Nook for Android can't.
Sent from my NookColor using xda premium
stolenmoment said:
That's odd, the stock reader (still there with rooted stock) can handle the kid's books, but Nook for Android can't.
Sent from my NookColor using xda premium
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I may have miscommunicated...the kids books work, but she can't get them from B&N anymore (or something, I may not have been paying attention when she was talking...opps...)
You want Aldiko Free version, not the "pro/pay" version (it has some graphic bug).
It is absolutely the best E Reader, way better than the Nook app as well.
The only problem is that you have to add the books manually to the phone, I use Calibre to convert and add but you can just drag and drop them to the Nook drive when it is connected in USB mode if you are comfortable doing that too.
MuGGzyx said:
You want Aldiko Free version, not the "pro/pay" version (it has some graphic bug).
It is absolutely the best E Reader, way better than the Nook app as well.
The only problem is that you have to add the books manually to the phone, I use Calibre to convert and add but you can just drag and drop them to the Nook drive when it is connected in USB mode if you are comfortable doing that too.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
How else are books added? Most of my library is in Calibre. Is the format for Aldiko the ePub format?
tightwad said:
How else are books added? Most of my library is in Calibre. Is the format for Aldiko the ePub format?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Aldiko handles ePubs very nicely.
Sent from my LG Optimus V using Tapatalk
I can't get books I copy over from my Calibre library to show in Aldiko. I copied them to the Nook>myFiles>Books folder on the nook (emmc) drive. I also tried the "ebooks" folder on the SD card where the 1 book in Aldiko is located (Jack London's)
Any ideas?
I found out how...good ole google search finally came through. This is about as annoying a way as there could be...I have 3K books in my library!
another site said:
Here are the instructions.. from the Aldiko website:
I was able to use the SD Card feature in Aldiko to import DRM'd Nook books on my Android Device.
At the Home screen in Aldiko, tap SD Card.
Navigate to the Nook folder on your device
Navigate to the Content folder within the Nook folder
Tap on the book you want to import (not on the check box, just tap the title)
You will be prompted to open or import, tap "open"
you will then be prompted for a username and password. The user name is the name on the credit card associated with your Nook purchase. The password is the credit card number itself, no spaces.
Once you have been able to open the book, go back to the home page and follow steps 1 through 4.
This time, when you are prompted to open or import, choose "import". The book will be imported to your Aldiko Library.
The reason I open before importing is that there is no password prompt when importing. I did find that once I had entered my credit card info for one book, I was able to import all of the rest of my Nook purchases without opening first, the app seemed to just need this information once
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
tightwad said:
I found out how...good ole google search finally came through. This is about as annoying a way as there could be...I have 3K books in my library!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I can't imagine they were all purchased from B&N. If you're managing them with Calibre, I also doubt they're all B&N DRMed. Just drop them all in one folder, and import the whole folder using Aldiko like so: from Aldiko home, go to SDcard, navigate to the folder, longpress it, and choose Import.
Taosaur said:
I can't imagine they were all purchased from B&N. If you're managing them with Calibre, I also doubt they're all B&N DRMed. Just drop them all in one folder, and import the whole folder using Aldiko like so: from Aldiko home, go to SDcard, navigate to the folder, longpress it, and choose Import.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No, lots of classic books etc. I discovered your method as well...took awhile to load about 1K books.
Now I need to figure out how to use the bookshelf.
Lost Wireless when I installed CM7 on SD 201 nightly
I lost my ability to use wireless when I upgraded to 201 nightly. YouTube also bit the dust. I am most interested in regaining the ability to hook up to my router or other wireless access points.
When 201 was installed, I had wireless. Then I installed a few applications and then I noticed YouTube was not working. I deleted Youtube and reinstalled but it was no use.
I shut off the wireless so that I could reconnect thinking a better connection might make Youtube work. NOW wireless would not hook up to my router at all. I deleted my router from the list of wireless sources and tried to find it again. Even with the Nook 1 meter from the router it could not pick up a wireless signal.
Next I saw in the discussions about the most recent nightlies and found out there is a bug. If you hit AIRPLANE MODE in the settings, you can not undo the choice merely by unchecking the box.
A potential work around was discussed, by using the terminal mode and typing:
SU
sqlite3 /data/data/com.android.providers.settings/databases/settings.db
delete from system where name = 'airplane_mode_on';
.exit
I tried this but failed to get it to work. I may have entered it incorrectly but I don't think I did. The poster suggested copy and paste but that is not easy with no wireless.
Can anyone help me and others in my situation. How far back would I have to go in the nightlies to correct this and update to 201 again?
Not having wireless is a bummer.
UPDATE:
After my nook sat for a while I tried to hook up to wireless again. It worked! I don't know if it was the script for certain, but I did not re-install anything. I believe it was oldman_58 that resolved this for me. I can't respond to his post, but thank him nonetheless.
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showpost.php?p=17811412&postcount=5111
The above link goes to his post on this issue.
Thanks Oldman!
Update 2:
Wireless is again missing. The only thing I can think of is to start over with a formatted SD card. If you know a better way please tell me. I am able to get wireless for short periods if there is an application that would help. I installed nightly 202 today, but it did not restore the Wireless.
I'm fairly new to all of this so forgive me if this is a stupid question.
I'm using uSD cm7 on my NC and loving it. I frequently use word documents with colored text for presentations. I found a software (calibre) that converts documents to epub format but I lose the colored fonts when I view it in aldiko. I've got a friend who is doing the same thing only on an Ipad and his colors stay. Am I doing something wrong or should I be using a different ereader or converter?
calixt0 said:
I'm fairly new to all of this so forgive me if this is a stupid question.
I'm using uSD cm7 on my NC and loving it. I frequently use word documents with colored text for presentations. I found a software (calibre) that converts documents to epub format but I lose the colored fonts when I view it in aldiko. I've got a friend who is doing the same thing only on an Ipad and his colors stay. Am I doing something wrong or should I be using a different ereader or converter?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
If you are talking about Microsoft Office documents (doc, docx, ppt,pptx, etc.) you can get the app called DocumentsToGo or QuickOffice. This way you won't have to convert them into epubs. I personally recommend QuickOffice it's better looking
Edit: Scratch QuickOffice since the one in the market works only with version 3.0 (honeycomb) and up. I got my copy from someone who posted it in the forum, which was extracted from another device...maybe a search could find the post.
Second edit: Check out this post: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=934916&highlight=Notion+Ink you can get a working version of QO for the nook there.
jgaf said:
If you are talking about Microsoft Office documents (doc, docx, ppt,pptx, etc.) you can get the app called DocumentsToGo or QuickOffice. This way you won't have to convert them into epubs. I personally recommend QuickOffice it's better looking
Edit: Scratch QuickOffice since the one in the market works only with version 3.0 (honeycomb) and up. I got my copy from someone who posted it in the forum, which was extracted from another device...maybe a search could find the post.
Second edit: Check out this post: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=934916&highlight=Notion+Ink you can get a working version of QO for the nook there.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I actually prefer using something easy like a book. I may just end up going back to the nook color software that is easy to use and works like I want it to. I can't get the nook app to find my loaded ebooks only stuff from Barnes and Noble
calixt0 said:
I actually prefer using something easy like a book. I may just end up going back to the nook color software that is easy to use and works like I want it to. I can't get the nook app to find my loaded ebooks only stuff from Barnes and Noble
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Ok, this is how I got my epubs working in the Nook:
sdcard/Nook/My Documents
I dropped my epubs in that folder, then went into the nook app and refreshed (they should be under "My files"
Hope this works.
jgaf said:
Ok, this is how I got my epubs working in the Nook:
sdcard/Nook/My Documents
I dropped my epubs in that folder, then went into the nook app and refreshed (they should be under "My files"
Hope this works.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Ok I can't get my downloaded books or epubs to show in the nook app on the android side of my uSD card cm7. when I tried putting my epubs in the my documents folder of nook it wouldn't allow it.
Please help.
calixt0 said:
Ok I can't get my downloaded books or epubs to show in the nook app on the android side of my uSD card cm7. when I tried putting my epubs in the my documents folder of nook it wouldn't allow it.
Please help.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
How are you transferring your files? If your are moving them from inside the nook using a file manager, then use Root Explorer and when in the documents folder press the button that says mount R/W and try to paste the files that way.
jgaf said:
How are you transferring your files? If your are moving them from inside the nook using a file manager, then use Root Explorer and when in the documents folder press the button that says mount R/W and try to paste the files that way.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I was using the usb cable. I got it now thanks. not sure what different happened but finally it worked.