Help with kernel development - Galaxy Y GT-S5360 and Duos 6102 Q&A, Help & Troubl

Hi! First time poster, I think.
So I have this... Probably tedious idea. But I've read up about the hardware and, while I haven't worked extensively with arm assembly before I have on other systems. The intel 8051, gameboy and x86. Oh. And also I really, really like to learn about low level stuff.
I am aware of the unpracticality of this setup, but I'd like to have something to tinker around with, see if I can do something interesting with it. Would be cool to se how good a NES, SNES or N64 emulator could get.
Anyway, I have a few questions. Any help/answers would be appreciated:
1. After some light research it seems like it has a VideoCore IV gpu, VC 4 seem to have support for resolutions up to 1080p, and have a limited instruction set but it's still enough that some applications (in theory) could run on the cores of this GPU. Is this correct? Also does it have 4 cores?
2. How can I extract specific parts of the hardware drivers from the stock rom? In this case I'd like... you know, most of 'em that are specific to the hardware, at least as a reference point. So screen, touch, bluetooth, usb controller, buttons, wifi, speakers, thermal, gyro, sdcard interface, you get the picture.
3. How is cpu and gpu clock speed controlled by the kernel normaly? How is it capped/overclocked?
4. How does a general micro usb type b to hdmi adapter connect the wires? What is the theoretical highest resolution that would be stramable through such a adapter?
5. How exactly is the hdmi protocol defined? What signals goes where at what time?
Edit: The resolution depends on the version of the adapter, with support for up to 1080p. So if anything is the bottleneck for this part it'll be that the cpu doesn't have enough time processing the writes. Also depending on the version it's either "frame" dependant or "packet" dependant, if I understand correctly packets are used to signal when certain bits of information get's transmitted, thus making the window for when the signal can arrive wider.

Related

HP IPAQ 310 Hacking

I just picked up an HP IPAQ 310 GPS device based on Windows CE 5.0. As far as standalone GPS devices go this one is very highly spec'ed:
http://www.amazon.com/310-Bluetooth-4-3-Inch-Widescreen-Navigator/dp/B000VRYLU2
600Mhz DualCore Centrality Titan Platform with on-chip GPS
300Mhz DSP
128MB RAM
2GB Flash
4.3" 800x480 LCD display
Bluetooth 2.0+EDR
USB 2.0
Windows.CE 5.0
It currently runs a variant of IGO 2008 navigation program and has some onboard games from PDAMill.
This is my first Window.CE project. Does anyone know where I can get the appopriate BSPs etc.. to allow me to build a bootable/working CE Image from Platform Builder 5 or 6 with full driver support?
My dream is to put a Microsoft Automotive software stack on this see how close I can get to a converged device like the Microsoft/Ford Sync. It will also be a learning experience.
In particular my end goal is to enable the following scenarios:
Voice recognition
Bluetooth DUN/PAN
Bluetooth Handsfree and voice dialing
Information Services (via web services interface to online services from Google & Microsoft). Think of movie times/locations, traffic, gas prices,address/phone/poi lookup etc..
Full fidelity video/audio player
Launch native and emulated games
Plug-in framework to extend the features
Navigation
The spec of the HP 310 Travel Companion is very impressive and I like the idea of it being a multi-purpose device. The 4.3 inch display is large enough for use as a GPS as well as watching videos. Seriously I wouldn't need GPS function every day so it is great be able to use it for other purposes. I wish one day it would be able to receive free digital TV signal like those from DVB-T or DVB-H. That would make it a truly Travel Companion.
Wow you really are dreaming if you think you can get a BSP for this device.
Or for any device for that matter.
These are never released and I never even heard of one being leaked! Just like any other proprietary code BSPs are highly guarded.
What you are trying to do is pretty ambitious, but if you want to rebuild OS for something by your self you better get a Linux device.
Sorry.
levenum said:
Wow you really are dreaming if you think you can get a BSP for this device.
Or for any device for that matter.
These are never released and I never even heard of one being leaked! Just like any other proprietary code BSPs are highly guarded.
What you are trying to do is pretty ambitious, but if you want to rebuild OS for something by your self you better get a Linux device.
Sorry.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Okay. Does anyone know much about the Microsoft Sync / Microsoft Automative software stack for Windows CE?
Regarding Windows Automotive:
You must be dreaming if you think you can source an Windows Automotive (or is it Microsoft Auto now?) OEM Adaptation Kit to do this!
As I understand, you need to be a huge OEM/ODM or car manufacturer like Ford and sign an NDA to even get any kind of access to it.
Considering its difficult enough to even source a Windows Mobile kit, I'd imagine its even harder to get Windows Automotive considering the circumstances...
However, there may be another way to source the Windows Automotive OS components besides obtaining an official kit...
Perhaps if there are some firmware updates for one of the Windows Automotive devices from Fiat, Ford, Clarion, etc. you can dump the ROM image and extract the files. Now, even if you do that you might still need to fix the relocations of every dll file...but it still might work on your HP after all that. I'd imagine you would also need to manually figure out the skin format of the Windows Automotive apps since you don't have the actual desktop tools to generate them...
I doubt you would really even need to source a BSP and build an image once you get this far. Chances are the apps you extract will run just fine from an SD card or the internal flash disk of your device if configured properly.
Off topic...
I managed to brick one of these today within the first hour. Just testing out Flux Challenge when it threw up a Please Wait screen. Soft-reset and now it sticks at the HP splash screen; had to get it sent back. Thank goodness I was only testing it.
Given this plus its molasses-slow performance, I think I'd choose something else if I really wanted to do any sort of modding...
Hi i have a 314 UK Version and wants to flash it with the german version.
Has anybody tried it ?
modellbobby said:
Hi i have a 314 UK Version and wants to flash it with the german version.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Where did you get the ROM ?
some sort of firmware update is on the HP FTP server (also includes newer maps)
Use the engineering mode to dump and restore the ROM.
have an Ipaq 310 running igo8 and finean4, like to get garmin but seems to have a resolution problem, anyboby can help plz"
[8/23/08 21:36:29 67512KB 4.20.50wp]
GFX_buf_alloc: Invalid area (-20048 480)
[8/23/08 21:36:29 67508KB 4.20.50wp]
Failure 87 allocating bitmap of size (-20048,480) 16 bpp (0)
[8/23/08 21:36:29 67448KB 4.20.50wp]
Read Access violation at data address 0xFFFFFFFC.
Program address 0x00058080 in background thread NULL (CSubAppThread::Run Garmin Mobile XT)
[8/23/08 21:36:30 67440KB 4.20.50wp]
CALL STACK:
0x18156EC0
0x182B7104
0x029FC9C4
0x02A03D24
0x93C0A090
0x93C33EA8
0x93C0DEB4
0x93C09FA8
0x18058080
0x18059900
0x180D18B8
0x180D1CEC
0x182B71E0
0x182B7010
0x182B6C54
0x029DDF04
klingklang01 said:
have an Ipaq 310 running igo8 and finean4, like to get garmin but seems to have a resolution problem, anyboby can help plz"
[8/23/08 21:36:29 67512KB 4.20.50wp]
GFX_buf_alloc: Invalid area (-20048 480)
[8/23/08 21:36:29 67508KB 4.20.50wp]
Failure 87 allocating bitmap of size (-20048,480) 16 bpp (0)
[8/23/08 21:36:29 67448KB 4.20.50wp]
Read Access violation at data address 0xFFFFFFFC.
Program address 0x00058080 in background thread NULL (CSubAppThread::Run Garmin Mobile XT)
[8/23/08 21:36:30 67440KB 4.20.50wp]
CALL STACK:
0x18156EC0
0x182B7104
0x029FC9C4
0x02A03D24
0x93C0A090
0x93C33EA8
0x93C0DEB4
0x93C09FA8
0x18058080
0x18059900
0x180D18B8
0x180D1CEC
0x182B71E0
0x182B7010
0x182B6C54
0x029DDF04
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Is seem to be the resolution problem of our GPS... I'm having the same issue also. We need to find some doc to change the resolution... I'm still searching for the solution, any1 know how to cange it???
Regards,
Jeff
iPAQ 3xx Series
This is an old post but I thought I'd confirm a couple things for the record, should anybody be looking into this kind of info in future although the device is technically EOL.
40th Floor said:
As far as I know, this iPAQ is the only device to have ever even used the (exact) processor it's using.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes this is the only iPAQ with a dual core processor for that matter.
40th Floor said:
And funny? Funny is that when it's on a charger (any external power at all) it runs at half speed (300 MHz) but when completely on battery it runs at 600 MHz.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The original USB 2.0 spec called for no more than 500ma to be pumped through the USB line. Around the time WM5 was being rolled out, HP had to wrestle with the USB klan to convince them that wasn't enough to run a device and charge it. HP was making better use of the standard by doing more with it than the authorities thought was needed. They eventually backed off and HP up through the time I'm writing this ships an AC adapter with each device that has a mini or micro USB connector; obviouisly needed since the 22-pin connector died with the 6900 (Moose) device. The adapters provide up to 1000ma of juice.
Now consider this: Prior to dropping the 22-pin connector HP shipped 2amp chargers which provided enough juice to run the device and charge the battery at the same time. The 22-pin standard came out with the h3800 Series which ran a 400MHz ARM single core and didn't have fancy stuff like WiFi built in, and only had a standard QVGA (320x240) screen.
So how could a device with a GPS, such a larger screen, and a dual core 600MHz CPU be expected to even operate with a 1amp charger, let alone charge the battery?
Playing with the OS - Differences between WinCE platforms
For those who would like to play with the OS, understand this device runs Windows Mobile 5 for devices and NOT the Pocket PC OS. Pocket PC was a platform, just like SmartPhone was a platform. Although Microsoft changes the names to confuse the innocent, we're still talking about a few significant differences.
Consider Pocket PC (or WinMo or WinMo classic depending on the wind and Microsoft's mood), a superset of WinCE that adds a few other things to the core WinCE 5 platform. Search the web for posts by people who have managed to get PocketPC apps to run on their Handheld PC (HPC) such as the MobilePro 900c. The same kind of things would apply to the iPAQ 300. The differences are not all that significant if you know which DLLs need to be added.
In short, the iPAQ 300 Series is closer to a HPC than PocketPC OS-wise. The good news is, this version of Platform Builder can be purchased, whereas the one for WinMo is strictly guarded by Microsoft and released only to OEMs like HP and Dell.
The hardest thing you'll run across is that the digitizer drivers were not optimized for fine work, just for finger use. When you bypass the NavNGo "OS" to run the underlying WinCE OS and try to use a soft keyboard, for example, you'll see the jitter I'm talking about.
The iPAQ 300 Series could have been more but it was designed to compete with other GPS devices and that's really all. The hardware was really pretty great, but the device shipped with significant bugs that were addressed post-release.
If you want a PocketPC that also has GPS, the h5900 Series was a better choice. Not dual core CPU though
Anyone still running this fine device?
I've got mine running Igo8.3, works pretty good.
I'd be interested to hear if anyone is running Primo on it.
Also, anyone know where to get a TMC antenna for this unit?
Cheers
i still have a working one
unfortunately i think it have gone into battery shutdown to little charge in the battery for an extended period of time,
it will however come to life if i plug it into the car
i was thinking tonight it would be cool to hack droid onto it

Porting Android to HP iPAQ 310 Series Travel Companion

Hello everyone,
I am interested in a port of Android for the HP iPAQ 310 Series Travel Companion. It seems like a fairly capable piece of hardware, but HP dropped the product and hampered by some buggy software issues. It normally runs Windows CE 5.0 with a custom shell. I am trying to find out if it is feasible, any interest, and if there are any previous Linux ports that might make a Android port feasible. This is what I have found out so far:
Here are the product features from HP:
Processor Titan 600 MHz ARM11 Dual-Core Processor
Display 4.3" WVGA 800x480 TFT with touch screen, antiglare, landscape oriented, 16bit RGB depth
Memory Up to 2.0 GB flash ROM for persistent storage, depending on model 128 MB SDRAM for running applications
External Power AC Input: 100~240 Vac, 50/60 Hz, AC Input current: 0.2 A ac max Output Voltage: 5Vdc (typical)
SD Slot Supports SD memory
Antenna Internal Bluetooth antenna
Audio Integrated microphone, speaker, and one 3.5–mm stereo headset jack, 5–band equalizer and 3D sound adjustment
Battery 1,700 mAh Li-ion removable/rechargeable battery
Bluetooth Bluetooth 2.0 with Enhanced Data Rate, typical 10 meter range (approximately 33 feet)–High-speed, low-power, shortrange wireless communication with other Bluetooth devices
GPS Receiver SiRF embedded GPS receiver with InstantFix(TM) time to first fix acceleration
GPS Antenna Internal patch antenna
Physical specifications
Width US: 4.3 in
Metric: 110.2 mm
Height US: 3.4 in
Metric: 86.8 mm
Depth US: 0.7 in
Metric: 18.2 mm
Weight US: 6.6 oz
Metric: 187 g
The screen is beautiful on the thing, the hardware seems to have potential, although it does lack Wifi and WWAN. An SD Wifi card can always be added or it could be tethered via Bluetooth for network access. But never the less, I think it would be a wonderful Android device, especially if there were some way of caching Google Map data on SD or in the 2GB of built-in SLC memory.
I tried to dig up what I can on the internals. I have not been able to find a Linux port specifically to the Centrality Titan processor. Centrality was purchased by Sirf. Since it is ARM11 based, I imagine it shouldn't be too difficult to get Linux up and running.
The GPS receiver is the SE4110L.
I/O is handled by the Wolfson Microelectronics WM9712:
Voice processing is handled by the Fortemedia FM1182.
Bluetooth is handled by the Cambridge Silicon Radio BlueCore 4.
What do you guys think? Would this be feasible to pull off? Are there any other Android based devices that have similar hardware that make make this possible?
Still no updates?
I am going to try Andromnia Port for Samsung Omnia on this device. Just for start.
Try something with a WVGA resolution. Only other 4.3 inch screen device is the hd2.... Never heard of this, is it old?
froggylover1345 said:
Try something with a WVGA resolution. Only other 4.3 inch screen device is the hd2.... Never heard of this, is it old?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It is about 2 years old, great device but so stupidly abandoned by HP (along with entire iPaq brand)...
Great 800x480 screen, 600Mhz CPU with both GPU and GPS. Perfect ground for Android!
bump
I own 2 of these lol. I also abandoned it when i started buying android phones. I am interested in this as well.
Hello everyone,
I am glad to see there is some interest in an Android port to this device. I wasn't sure I would receive any replies at first. Now that I see a few of us would like a port lets see what we need to do to accomplish this. I will investigate a few venues for us this afternoon. It is damn shame to let a capable hardware device like this fall by the wayside. It really seemed to have great potential.
I would imagine their are two routes to take. One would be to natively boot Android on the device. This would require the most work and I do not know if all of the hardware would be supported.
The other option would be to go the route of booting Android from a Windows CE based boot loader, similar to other Windows Mobile to Android ports. I think this would probably be the easier route to take.
Does anyone know of any other Windows Mobile or native Android devices with similar components?
Michael.Rose said:
The other option would be to go the route of booting Android from a Windows CE based boot loader, similar to other Windows Mobile to Android ports. I think this would probably be the easier route to take.
Does anyone know of any other Windows Mobile or native Android devices with similar components?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
As far as I know, Centrality (SIRF) Titan is used in only one type of device - out poor Travel Companion.
Though, I could be compatible with some other CPUs. I'll try to find out.
Hi guys, I've got one of these devices, for some time now,
I've mannaged to hack it, by changing registry settings in
HKLM\INIT and put explorer as an extra launch.
I did find something here:
http://www.smartqmid.com/phpBB3/viewforum.php?f=12
There is simmilar device running linux
and they trying android to boot from SD card:
http://www.jiongtang.com/blog/html/smartq5/boot-the-smartq-5-from-sd-card.html
You have to partition SD card, like here:
http://www.jiongtang.com/blog/html/...-install-software-on-sd-card-for-smartq5.html
There is more info there.
So any luck with running Android on iPAQ?
Vadimus_ca said:
So any luck with running Android on iPAQ?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think, you have to install Linux first and then load Android.
Go here and start reading:
handhelds.org/handhelds-faq/handhelds-faq.html
just add www at the front, someone stuffed something up and
I cannot post url's
I have already started, very interesting article, scroll down and get
PDF file.
Hey guys,
has anybody, by any chance, got the data sheets for this Titan processor,
some owners managed to brick the devices beyond repairs, I think it was due to very low temperature last winter, and the NAND, and boot loader were erased.
Someone is trying to develop some dumper, which would allow to dump the bootloader from working unit and then load it back by JTAG, and then all the rest by normal way from SD card, but he needs these Data Sheets.
HP is not interested in helping, they want money.
One of the rom cooking Gurus has developed simple tool to convert DiskRW's
image dump to the working boot files, which are TINYNK.bin, CHAIN.bin and NK.bin, I have managed to add some .dll files from MioPocket to NK.bin, I think
something about 20 files including all WiFi dlls.
There is big potential here.
hey nice people,
I have managed to install and run DOS on my 312 model,
there is only small problem, the very small keyboard, which pops up
as a part of the DOS screen. We can use PC's keyboard or maybe some
USB one.
There is no far to install Linux and Android, just have to find one.
Sorry, didn't put any links and names:
I've installed PcketDOS_1123 from here:
http://www.pocketdos.com/download.htm
The OEM version is not free, the other one is.
Look at this:
http://dev.openaos.org/browser/trun...-4.1.2_glibc-2.5_linux-2.6.18.ptxconfig?rev=6
interesting thread. Anyone still tinkering with their 310's?
yeah another bump
I'm an interested 310 owner

Gamestream from non-GTX laptop

My brand new fancy laptop refuses to run GameStream because its NVIDIA GeForce 930M isn't GTX. In theory the hardware is capable and this appears to just be a software restriction. Has anyone found a way to override this? Failing that, what alternative local game streaming services have people tried and how do they compare?
Unfortunately no. With nvidia cards, here is how they are named.
930M <-- The 9 is the series, and of course this is the newest. The 3 is the power basically. a 3 series is very low power, and lacks hardware support for things like h264 encoding, which is part of gamestream, and the M is mobile of course, which means it's scaled down even further from a desktop equivelant.
You lack hardware support for the gpu encoding of h264, which simply means that it can't be forced with software, and if it was hacked around, it would take a LOT of processing power just to encode the video that it would have trouble running most games. Someone can correct me if I'm wrong, but everything I know points me to that. Sorry.
EDIT: Side note, the GTX cards are the only ones with hardware encoding for h256 on the gpu. That's the easiest distinction, and why they don' support the non GTX versions, and AMD cards.

Mirror/cast content from Nvidia Shield TV to Nexus 6p

Hi. This is one of those things that must be so simple, but a Google search just comes up with pages and pages of totally unrelated nonsense. Hoping you guys can help me.
All I want to do is be able to mirror my Nvidia Shield TV to my smartphone screen. Not the phone to the NVidia Shield. Like a PS Remote Play but for the NvS TV. My room is within remote and gamepad range so an on screen pad is not necessary. Any help greatly appreciated.
Thanks
(P.S if anyone knows of any Kodi addons with 4k content...that would be awesome! - there were 2 but they have been discontinued)
Any luck or good leads?
"Allcast reciever"?
What app or apps are you suppose trying to get to your phone?
I've been looking into doing the same thing but to a note 4. I think I found a few ways that seems like they would work for media streaming if your Shield had root access or unrestricted app installation options. Things like allcast reciever and other casting options. They all seemed to have too much latency for gaming if that is what you were wanting to do.
I'm not sure if a chromecast can output audio and video using the HDMI port but that might work if it can do that?
The other issue with pulling this off os that I think the solution needs to be some sort of universal screen and audio mirroring, like googlecast, that doesn't care about what app it is mirroring. Otherwise you'll have to rely on the app that is on the shield being capable of casting, and the Nvidia Hub isn't as far as I know.
I search for terms like: Android to android screen mirroring, android remote display, android remote access, etc....nothing so far.
My most promising hope for doing something like this now are:
1. Making my phone somehow act as or emulate a display, TV, Monitor in a way that can utilize the output from the HDMI port of a SHIELD device. This would bypass all the various issues and complications with specific application capabilities and restrictions, though it is just a idea about how to work around the app issues, I have no idea if this would even be possible. I also don't know if anything that is coming out the HDMI port has any sort of HDCP protection. I would assume that some things would but I would also assume that most of those specific things are the kinds of things. I would just be casting via media players anyway.
2. I have a really REALLY fast LAN network, and I know I am able to remotely access my PC in various ways that are low latency and high performance as far as display and audio are concerned. So, assuming the latency could be kept low enough I have thought about working on getting what I want to access on an Nvidia shield device to my PC running Windows 10, then I can just access that from my phone.
I don't know if you're familiar with that saying about engineering which basically says: "It's not a question of what you want to do but how much you can pay to do it." I say that because there seem to be a couple of fairly good high end Headset based displays out there. One is called the "gylph" or something like that and I have looked fairly thoroughly into one or two others that seemed to be high quality and have reliable reviews and testing available to find online. Some didn't seem available for another year or two, and even then you are going to be dropping $500 to $1,000 for them.
3. Using something like Tridef 3d and a head mounted VR headset based display. I was able to get that working pretty well without too much effort from my PC. The Tri-def software creates a side by side view of the application that you tell it to from your PC. So I can basically get a display output from just about anything on my PC and use it with just about anything they can recieve display output from my PC or remotely view my computers display with low latency. I haven't looked too much to see if something similar to this software is available that can run on a shield device. I would assume they are powerful enough even if you had to scale things down just a little bit.
The kind of set up that could send from your SHIELD, to your PC, to your Head Mounted Display or VR headset could be have some interesting advantages if the overall network latency was low enough. Having the rendering of the initial source on one device and the side by side display conversion on another could have a lot advantages. I own a Samsung gear VR innovator edition headset that I can use with my note 4, but if I want to use it for more than 20 minutes I need to pre-cool my phone in the freezer and to get any significant amount of time I think I would need to develop fairly high performance cooling system. That obviously isn't very easy to do when you need it to interface with a phone you use daily and also be small and light enough to attach to something you're wearing on your face. The point is that doing anything more than receiving and audio and video stream on your phone is going to be very resource intensive for it to handle. Even maxing out the gigabit Wi-Fi on my land for my phone makes it really warm and consumes the battery at a very high rate.
Whatever you do if it is helpful I have connected a pluggable USB 2.0 to Gigabit LAN adapter to the shield portable and it more than doubled the network performance. I'm not sure what the actual LAN performance is on the SHIELD
TV but even if you didn't need to increase it you might be able to reduce latency by by separating the total network load between the internal Gigabit Ethernet port and a separate USB 2.0 or 3.0 lan adapter. I don't know enough about androids capabilities to use more than one network adapter simultaneously four separate purposes to know if that is possible.
Well, congratulations if you've made it this far into my post. I have obviously been exploring this kind of thing for a while but there is a lot potential out there and a lot things that I don't know about or understand thoroughly enough. It's nice to know I'm not completely alone in this specific ambition. Hopefully we can gather a few more people and make some progress with this thread!
...wow
Wow that is an indepth reply. Thanks!
I can tell you've put a lot of thought into this. You obviously have a better chance of pulling it off than I do! (I did read it all lol)
I'm basically wanting to be able to mirror the screen like the PS4 remote play. Not just specific apps.
The only reason I know it's possible is that the Playstation 4 handles it remarkably well. No noticable lag as long as you have a good wifi router. Those guys at Sony must be using some kind of black magic. Unfortunately, I'm not gonna be the one who figures this out. I'm in no way a software or network engineer....I am an electrical engineering student though.
Anyway it's also good for me to hear that I'm not alone here. I wouldn't be surprised if Nvidia were working on this right now or at some point in the near future. And I sold the 6P and bought a Note 5 by the way. Wasn't a fan of the 6P at all.
Anyone get this to work or find another solution?
Thanks

What is the Android equal to these PC componets?

Hello world,
So I have several books that I am currently trying to rotate through, since looking at one aspect of any device for too long bores me, and so one of these books is a CompTIA A+ guide. I can get you the author if you'd like, but my question is what would these devices look like inside of an Android device, of course there are many makes and models but just looking to make some friends, and discuss tech. Please, if there are errors DRAW THEM TO MY ATTENTION!
- A BUS is the way by which data is transferred internally. What is the common standard used today? PCI. What is the communication bandwidth of these connectors?
- A central processor, is where data – in the form of machine code is broken down into binary. The processor takes data, in the form of binary streams, performs math, and sends these bit streams to the “addressed?” peripheral or memory devices. Is it fair to say that all other devices other than the cpu are peripherals?
- A Northbridge is the responsible for the flow of data from the CPU and storage component – ie RAM. What is northbridge?
- All external communications occur through the Southbridge.
V/R
Cryptologic Tech 3
I dislike, very much subnetting.

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