Database Users

SD Card problems from console

Sorry but if this is in the wrong spot but I need assistance. I have searched but haven't found anyone with a similar problem.
I have an 8gb micro sd card, and attempted to format and create the partitions so that I may load the hero rom on my phone. The problem happened as I mistyped something and it gave me warning. I thought I had typed no but it formated it anyway and now only 30mb of the card shows up as raw data. It can't be formated and my g1 doesn't recognize my card (it won't mount). Is it over 4 my card, or is there a way to recover it and get back my normal capacity using console?

you will probably need to get a card reader and use linux to reformat the entire card again, and you may as wel just use linux to format it at that point

I have installed the latest ubuntu & I'm lost. I'm good with computers but never used ubuntu before. I have searched once again but there's no info for what I'm trying to do. The sd card isnt recognized either when I insert it

trinibuoy said:
I have installed the latest ubuntu & I'm lost. I'm good with computers but never used ubuntu before. I have searched once again but there's no info for what I'm trying to do. The sd card isnt recognized either when I insert it
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Try this from terminal and pay particular attention to where the original poster talks about removing partitions.... rm 1, rm 2, etc.
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=534714

Nook Glow Internal Files dump

Hi there,
I made a thread here, I bricked my nook because I erased important files without making a backup before.
Someone here in the forums told me to ask for a "nand dump", what is that I'm not too sure but I guess that he meant that I would need the same files that I erased but from someone else and then I should erase some personal data to avoid B&N store account conflicts.
Anyways, I haven't found any dump neither any directions to put it on my nook glow. Does anyone know where could I get such a thing?

vdguzman said:
Hi there,
I made a thread here, I bricked my nook because I erased important files without making a backup before.
Someone here in the forums told me to ask for a "nand dump", what is that I'm not too sure but I guess that he meant that I would need the same files that I erased but from someone else and then I should erase some personal data to avoid B&N store account conflicts.
Anyways, I haven't found any dump neither any directions to put it on my nook glow. Does anyone know where could I get such a thing?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'm stuck like you with a bricked glo-nook, and I haven't heard about that "nand dump".
Could you post again if you learn anything about it?
TIA

If you put noogie on an SD card and boot it it will serve the internal SD card (NAND) over USB.
There should be 7 visible partitions, only the first will get a drive letter in Windows.
Run Win32DiskImager and save that drive letter to a file.
Make sure that the saved result is about 1,9xx,xxx,xxx bytes.

Renate NST said:
If you put noogie on an SD card and boot it it will serve the internal SD card (NAND) over USB.
There should be 7 visible partitions, only the first will get a drive letter in Windows.
Run Win32DiskImager and save that drive letter to a file.
Make sure that the saved result is about 1,9xx,xxx,xxx bytes.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
mmmm, in my case I just see a drive letter in W7 and it's the noogie sdcard. No other partitions, Win32DiskImager can't see other partitions either.
But under the portable devices in device administration I can see two devices: boot (drive F:, the noogie sdcard) and G: (can't access)
Thanks for the info.

It sounds like you mashed the partition table on internal SD card.
See this thread about CWR, ADB and fdisk: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1805936

Renate NST said:
If you put noogie on an SD card and boot it it will serve the internal SD card (NAND) over USB.
There should be 7 visible partitions, only the first will get a drive letter in Windows.
Run Win32DiskImager and save that drive letter to a file.
Make sure that the saved result is about 1,9xx,xxx,xxx bytes.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I don't think I quite understand. If I run Noogie on my SD card then it will boot normally? No matter if I did what I did (erased important files, that's why it's bricked)?

Noogie on an SD card will boot even with the internal SD card vaporized.
This will give you the "Root Forever" screen and serve (whatever exists of) your internal SD card over USB.
Clockwork Recovery on an SD card will boot even with the internal SD card vaporized.
It can perform lots of operation from a menu on the screen.
It can also provide ADB over USB which is helpful for cleaning up stuff.

Renate NST said:
Noogie on an SD card will boot even with the internal SD card vaporized.
This will give you the "Root Forever" screen and serve (whatever exists of) your internal SD card over USB.
Clockwork Recovery on an SD card will boot even with the internal SD card vaporized.
It can perform lots of operation from a menu on the screen.
It can also provide ADB over USB which is helpful for cleaning up stuff.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Alright I will try booting up with Noogie. Thanks for your answers, I just hope I can fix this device.
Thanks again.

vdguzman please keep me posted about any progress....I'm in the same situation.
BTW I've opened another thread here to keep track of everything
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?p=29597949
thanks

Renate NST said:
Noogie on an SD card will boot even with the internal SD card vaporized.
This will give you the "Root Forever" screen and serve (whatever exists of) your internal SD card over USB.
Clockwork Recovery on an SD card will boot even with the internal SD card vaporized.
It can perform lots of operation from a menu on the screen.
It can also provide ADB over USB which is helpful for cleaning up stuff.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Noogie works, I tried to backup the image but I only did that AFTER my Nook had the problem so backing up with Noogie won't do it.
Glownooter WORKS but I don't know what to do to boot it normally. With Noogie I'm stuck on Rooted Forever and while Windows recognizes the nook, it's empty, completely empty.
I don't know what's ADB.

vdguzman said:
I don't know what's ADB.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
http://forum.xda-developers.com/wiki/BN_Nook_Simple_Touch/Installing_ADB
http://forum.xda-developers.com/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge

Renate NST said:
http://forum.xda-developers.com/wiki/BN_Nook_Simple_Touch/Installing_ADB
http://forum.xda-developers.com/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks for clearing that up
But what I'm trying to know is what kind of method will bring my Nook back to life, I'm no expert but I can manage if I'm told at least what will theoretically work.

[Q] Rooted:Where is my backed up image? How to get my lost sd card space back

So I am rooted w Nookmanager. I followed the instructions to the letter. I couldn’t be happier with the rooted Nook.
Since Im still a n00b at this..i have a few questions:
1. Which is the back up file of the original Nook, so that I can transfer it to my laptop and save it for any emergencies.
2. Also , my sd card (16gb) is only showing a fraction of the space when I insert into the sd card reader of my laptop. How can I get its full 16gb space back. Do I need to reformat it? If so, how and what software can I use?
3. I have some ebooks already saved in the My Files section on the internal hard drive of Nook. These books don’t show up on mantano reader (or other 3rd party reader apps I have installed).
a. I want to save my ebooks in a folder from where I can access them through Nook native reader as well as any third party readers I have installed.
Thanks for your help…. And long live XDA

sLiKK said:
So I am rooted w Nookmanager. I followed the instructions to the letter. I couldn’t be happier with the rooted Nook.
Since Im still a n00b at this..i have a few questions:
1. Which is the back up file of the original Nook, so that I can transfer it to my laptop and save it for any emergencies.
2. Also , my sd card (16gb) is only showing a fraction of the space when I insert into the sd card reader of my laptop. How can I get its full 16gb space back. Do I need to reformat it? If so, how and what software can I use?
3. I have some ebooks already saved in the My Files section on the internal hard drive of Nook. These books don’t show up on mantano reader (or other 3rd party reader apps I have installed).
a. I want to save my ebooks in a folder from where I can access them through Nook native reader as well as any third party readers I have installed.
Thanks for your help…. And long live XDA
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Step 1. Insert microSD and connect your nook via USB.
Step 2. In windows explorer there will be a drive labeled backup. That's the partition Nookmanager created on the SD card.
Step 3. Open it up and copy the 2 files that are in there.
Getting your space back (after you copied off your backup):
Step 1. Start menu, search "partition", you should find windows partition manager in the control panel.
Step 2. Find the SD card which is now divided in 2 partitions, delete the partitions
Step 3. Right mouse click and create new simple partition, fat32.

I used HP USB Manger to reclaim the SD card space back by reforming it.
To get your backup file, please read:
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2040351
Good luck.

jun127 said:
Step 1. Insert microSD and connect your nook via USB.
Step 2. In windows explorer there will be a drive labeled backup. That's the partition Nookmanager created on the SD card.
Step 3. Open it up and copy the 2 files that are in there.
Getting your space back (after you copied off your backup):
Step 1. Start menu, search "partition", you should find windows partition manager in the control panel.
Step 2. Find the SD card which is now divided in 2 partitions, delete the partitions
Step 3. Right mouse click and create new simple partition, fat32.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
THanks.
I used Minitool Partition to format, delete the partition and then create a new partition . But in the process, I now have only 14.8GB. I lose 1.2GB. My original card was 16GB. is there anything I could do to get the lost space?

sLiKK said:
THanks.
I used Minitool Partition to format, delete the partition and then create a new partition . But in the process, I now have only 14.8GB. I lose 1.2GB. My original card was 16GB. is there anything I could do to get the lost space?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
That's the full size. A "16gb" SD card is actually about 14.83gb because SD cards are sold by the bit. About 15.9 billion bits in a 16 "gb" card, divide that by 1024 three times and you get 14.83 something gb, and that's how windows see's it. Don't worry, you didn't lose anything.

jun127 said:
That's the full size. A "16gb" SD card is actually about 14.83gb because SD cards are sold by the bit. About 15.9 billion bits in a 16 "gb" card, divide that by 1024 three times and you get 14.83 something gb, and that's how windows see's it. Don't worry, you didn't lose anything.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Oh..okay...thanks alot.

jun127 said:
Step 1. Insert microSD and connect your nook via USB.
Step 2. In windows explorer there will be a drive labeled backup. That's the partition Nookmanager created on the SD card.
Step 3. Open it up and copy the 2 files that are in there.
Getting your space back (after you copied off your backup):
Step 1. Start menu, search "partition", you should find windows partition manager in the control panel.
Step 2. Find the SD card which is now divided in 2 partitions, delete the partitions
Step 3. Right mouse click and create new simple partition, fat32.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Hiya, I know a bit of time has passed, but I'm having problems finding my stock back-up image I made.
I've followed the instructions as above, but explorer doesn't show the backup partition at all. I just have 'Nookmanager' and 'Nook' (the internal memory). I'm connected to the sd card through the nook simple touch (i.e. not through an sd card reader).
Any ideas how I can access the hidden back-up partition?
Many thanks in advance.

tooplanx said:
Hiya, I know a bit of time has passed, but I'm having problems finding my stock back-up image I made.
I've followed the instructions as above, but explorer doesn't show the backup partition at all. I just have 'Nookmanager' and 'Nook' (the internal memory). I'm connected to the sd card through the nook simple touch (i.e. not through an sd card reader).
Any ideas how I can access the hidden back-up partition?
Many thanks in advance.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I don't think the Nook will present second and subsequent partitions on the SD card for USB mounting. You'll need a memory card reader; a cheap one from eBay will do the job.
The files are backup.full.gz and backup.full.md5 in the NookBackup filesystem.

cowbutt said:
I don't think the Nook will present second and subsequent partitions on the SD card for USB mounting. You'll need a memory card reader; a cheap one from eBay will do the job.
The files are backup.full.gz and backup.full.md5 in the NookBackup filesystem.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I have a similar problem in copying the two Nook Backup files to my PC. Using a standalone SD card reader, I can see the 1.78 GB NookBackup partition in my MiniTool Partition Manager and in XP's Disk Management, but I cannot assign a drive label. The 64 MB NookManager partition is assigned a drive label, but NookBackup partition shows no drive assigned.
Since I cannot see the two backup files in Windows Explorer, how can I copy them to the PC?

Joydeck said:
I have a similar problem in copying the two Nook Backup files to my PC. Using a standalone SD card reader, I can see the 1.78 GB NookBackup partition in my MiniTool Partition Manager and in XP's Disk Management, but I cannot assign a drive label. The 64 MB NookManager partition is assigned a drive label, but NookBackup partition shows no drive assigned.
Since I cannot see the two backup files in Windows Explorer, how can I copy them to the PC?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
http://superuser.com/questions/61487/usb-sticks-and-multiple-partitions looks useful.

cowbutt said:
I don't think the Nook will present second and subsequent partitions on the SD card for USB mounting. You'll need a memory card reader; a cheap one from eBay will do the job.
The files are backup.full.gz and backup.full.md5 in the NookBackup filesystem.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I've tried both with a card reader and through the plugged in Nook. No joy either way. I looked at the card in Win7's Partition Manager and although it shows the extra space, it doesn't show it as being active or labelled or anything.
When I did the backup it took ages (nearly 30mins) and I was beginning to think it was stuck or something, but then it said it was completed.
I'm wondering whether it actually failed to create a backup. No sign of a backup or backup partition any where.
I think I might just format the card and hope I don't get any problems. Everything seems to be working ok.
Is it possible just to download someone else's backup or get the firmware off B&N again if I need it?

tooplanx said:
Is it possible just to download someone else's backup or get the firmware off B&N again if I need it?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No, your /rom partition is unique to your device.

tooplanx said:
I've tried both with a card reader and through the plugged in Nook. No joy either way. I looked at the card in Win7's Partition Manager and although it shows the extra space, it doesn't show it as being active or labelled or anything.
When I did the backup it took ages (nearly 30mins) and I was beginning to think it was stuck or something, but then it said it was completed.
I'm wondering whether it actually failed to create a backup. No sign of a backup or backup partition any where.
I think I might just format the card and hope I don't get any problems. Everything seems to be working ok.
Is it possible just to download someone else's backup or get the firmware off B&N again if I need it?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The memory card reader won't help as windows won't allow you to mount anything other than the first partition on removeable media. What you need to do is boot your Nook from the NookManager SD card and then plug it into your PC. You will then get two new disks in Windows that each show a single partition. The first disk will be the 64MB NookManager partition and the second disk will be the NookManager backup partition that takes up the rest of your SD card. If for some reason Windows doesn't automatically assign a drive letter go into the Windows partition manager and assign one. The key is you must be booted into NookManager. It won't work if you are booted up normally to read books.

straygecko said:
The memory card reader won't help as windows won't allow you to mount anything other than the first partition on removeable media...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Works well.
Having copied the original Nook partition to Windows, could I also backup the rooted partition from the NookManager backup menu? I would also copy the new folders on the SD Card. Or is there another way?

Joydeck said:
Works well.
Having copied the original Nook partition to Windows, could I also backup the rooted partition from the NookManager backup menu? I would also copy the new folders on the SD Card. Or is there another way?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes. Note that NookManager's 'Backup' function will overwrite any pre-existing backup on the NookManager partition, so transfer your backup of your stock firmware first before you make a backup of your rooted firmware.

straygecko said:
The memory card reader won't help as windows won't allow you to mount anything other than the first partition on removeable media. What you need to do is boot your Nook from the NookManager SD card and then plug it into your PC. You will then get two new disks in Windows that each show a single partition. The first disk will be the 64MB NookManager partition and the second disk will be the NookManager backup partition that takes up the rest of your SD card. If for some reason Windows doesn't automatically assign a drive letter go into the Windows partition manager and assign one. The key is you must be booted into NookManager. It won't work if you are booted up normally to read books.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Ah... that sounds like it might work! Unfortunately, after spending several hours messing around with the sd card and the nook trying to make the other partition readable using partition manager and EasUS, I gave up and just formatted the SD card so that it was usable again. I did a data recovery sweep on the other hidden partition before-hand and managed to retrieve a .gz file of approx 49MB. I presume that is the back-up, but I couldn't retrieve the other file.
Oh well, fingers crossed I don't have problems :fingers-crossed:. At least the Nook was very cheap (£29) so it's not the end of the world if it things go bad.
Thanks for your help. :good:

tooplanx said:
Ah... that sounds like it might work! Unfortunately, after spending several hours messing around with the sd card and the nook trying to make the other partition readable using partition manager and EasUS, I gave up and just formatted the SD card so that it was usable again. I did a data recovery sweep on the other hidden partition before-hand and managed to retrieve a .gz file of approx 49MB. I presume that is the back-up, but I couldn't retrieve the other file.
Oh well, fingers crossed I don't have problems :fingers-crossed:. At least the Nook was very cheap (£29) so it's not the end of the world if it things go bad.
Thanks for your help. :good:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
49MB sounds a couple of hundred meg shy of a backup. You can try unzipping it with something like 7zip to see if its any good and worth keeping around but I doubt it. The other file you didn't recover is just an md5 of the backup and isn't necessary other than as a confirmation of a good backup.
You should take another backup of your Nook as it is now and keep it. That way you'll have a backup of your ROM partition so if things ever go too far south you'll be able to use someone elses full backup and then replace the ROM partition with your devices information.

What straygecko said. 49MB sounds too small, and even a non-pristine backup is worth having.

[Q] Problem writing to SD card

Has anyone else experienced problems writing files to external SD card just lately? All I know is that the SD card works fine If I use it on the computer with a card reader.
For instance if I copy 300mb of titaniumbackup files it will randomly stop in the process and tell me there is a problem writing the files. This also happens with other files. I can't seem to find anything in the logs either, but then I'm not exactly sure what to look for.
I've tried ES file explorer, the CM11 file explorer and FX file exporer. I've reformatted the SD card using CWM, put it in my card reader on my computer and was able to copy over 40gb of data flawlessly so the card doesn't seem to be corrupt.
I'm not really sure where to start with the troubleshooting, as I said before I'm not sure what I'm looking for in the log files regarding failed file transfers.

re: sdcard issue
Swizzy88 said:
Has anyone else experienced problems writing files to external SD card just lately? All I know is that the SD card works fine If I use it on the computer with a card reader.
For instance if I copy 300mb of titaniumbackup files it will randomly stop in the process and tell me there is a problem writing the files. This also happens with other files. I can't seem to find anything in the logs either, but then I'm not exactly sure what to look for.
I've tried ES file explorer, the CM11 file explorer and FX file exporer. I've reformatted the SD card using CWM, put it in my card reader on my computer and was able to copy over 40gb of data flawlessly so the card doesn't seem to be corrupt.
I'm not really sure where to start with the troubleshooting, as I said before I'm not sure what I'm looking for in the log files regarding failed file transfers.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
If the sdcard is not already formatted with fat32 your best bet is to format it
fat32 and there is an excellent chance that you will be able to use it in your
phone and computer without any further issues.
Here is a direct download link for the windows fat32 formatter:
http://dlp.cloudsvr50.com/td1/81/fat32-format/341/579/TJejpbc5?kw=CL6g3LjlnrsCFUJrfgodDX8AbA
Good luck!

Misterjunky said:
If the sdcard is not already formatted with fat32 your best bet is to format it
fat32 and there is an excellent chance that you will be able to use it in your
phone and computer without any further issues.
Here is a direct download link for the windows fat32 formatter:
http://dlp.cloudsvr50.com/td1/81/fat32-format/341/579/TJejpbc5?kw=CL6g3LjlnrsCFUJrfgodDX8AbA
Good luck!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I switched to slimkat rom to try it out. It's also based on 4.4 and the same kernel as what I had before. I re-formatted the sd card to fat32 at the same time but everything seems to work now. I wonder what it was. Maybe just a kitkat bug with exfat that still needs to be sorted out

SD Card...

I have had a 64Gb sd card from the beginning with my Note 3 but for some strange reason now it says it's only a 64Mb card and won't let me save anymore to it. I tried to clean it up and copy all to my laptop but it wouldn't let me copy the twrp.img file. I was going to re-format it on my laptop but didn't because it only offered me a 15Mb formatting. Anyone else have issues with their SD Card? Any advice would be helpful.
Thanks,
GoNavyMike

Native Windows formatting seems to be fussy when it finds pre-existing formatting information on SD cards especially if they are not recognized as having a Windows heritage; in many of those cases it will simply honor the information it finds, offering to format only the first partition rather than re-writing the partition table.
If I have a SDcard which has previously been partitioned, has a non-Windows MBR on it, or any strange partition ID values, I typically will write zeros to the beginning of the raw device before letting windows take a whack at formatting it.
e.g. in Linux/Unix (in a root shell)
# dd bs=512 count=16384 if=/dev/zero of=your-raw-device-name
You need to be extremely careful verifying the raw device name is really and truly the SD card and not (say) your primary boot media. You don't want to write zeros to your boot media!
For example, after plugging in an SD Card to a Linux machine (or transferring control of the USB device to a Linux guest Virtual Machine), I will usually do something like:
# dmesg | tail -20
to find out that the recently attached raw devices is /dev/sdc or /dev/hdb or similar.
On your phone, the SD Card raw device is probably /dev/block/mmcblk1 (note "1", NOT ZERO) BE CAREFUL!
It goes without saying that you should back up whatever you want saved off your SD card to begin with.
Now, in terms of *why* this happened, that's a bit of a mystery. Did you use this card with the "samsung_unlock_n3" method? If so, that would have written a more advanced partitioning format onto the card called "UEFI GPT". There is still a MBR in this case, but it is called a "protective MBR" as it has information in it that would prevent primitive OSes ( like Windows, ) from smashing the GPT table that follows.
But even that would have put information on the card that indicated a total size of 32GB, not 64 MB.
If you want to figure out what happened, you can look at the SD card (raw device) under linux using "fdisk" - if you see a partition type such as 'ee' (EFI GPT), then somehow a GPT partition table got written to the device. If that is the case, using a more modern tool that knows about GPT is necessary. Something like (Linux) "parted" or "gparted".
All of these sorts of things can in principle be accomplished under windows, but mostly by finding 3rd party utility programs . The open source GParted project uses a bootable mini-linux distro to do this.
good luck

GoNavyMike said:
I have had a 64Gb sd card from the beginning with my Note 3 but for some strange reason now it says it's only a 64Mb card and won't let me save anymore to it. I tried to clean it up and copy all to my laptop but it wouldn't let me copy the twrp.img file. I was going to re-format it on my laptop but didn't because it only offered me a 15Mb formatting. Anyone else have issues with their SD Card? Any advice would be helpful.
Thanks,
GoNavyMike
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It happened to me also. Two times, with brand new SD cards. I took them back to where I bought them and exchanged them.
Sent from my rooted/ unlocked- Verizon Note 3 ©®™

GoNavyMike said:
I have had a 64Gb sd card from the beginning with my Note 3 but for some strange reason now it says it's only a 64Mb card and won't let me save anymore to it. I tried to clean it up and copy all to my laptop but it wouldn't let me copy the twrp.img file. I was going to re-format it on my laptop but didn't because it only offered me a 15Mb formatting. Anyone else have issues with their SD Card? Any advice would be helpful.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Almost the exact thing happened to me. My 32gb card registered as 59mb. I believe this happened when unlocking the boot loader or letting my first run of TWRP do as it asked. The solution for me was to reformat the sd card from my vzw note 2. I lost all my previously stored contents, but reclaimed my sd card's storage. I only hope your solution is as simple. Good luck. (edit: meant to type VZW Note 3)

xenoxphse said:
Almost the exact thing happened to me. My 32gb card registered as 59mb. I believe this happened when unlocking the boot loader or letting my first run of TWRP do as it asked. The solution for me was to reformat the sd card from my vzw note 2. I lost all my previously stored contents, but reclaimed my sd card's storage. I only hope your solution is as simple. Good luck.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
The same thing happened to me. I had to reformat on my computer. It was a simple fix thankfully.
Sent from my SM-N900V using Tapatalk

I tried that too but it didn't work. I had a 16 gig memory card and it formatted it down to 16 megabytes, 18 megabytes I'm not sure.. But the computer wouldn't not reformat it.
Sent from my rooted/ unlocked- Verizon Note 3 ©®™

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&sou...FwiYwP0NTDxcIS40w&sig2=gI928LQbHaXOvsG3wVsV7Q
Just use this .. Its the best
Sent from my SM-N900V using XDA-Developers mobile app

I have the same problem. In the last 2 weeks I have lost 2 sd cards. Without using them, I get a pop up saying DAMAGED SD CARD. Reformat and lost all data. I have not had this problem before but started after I unlocked the the boot loader.
Wonder if those unlock files are active in the root directory.